# data[].attributes.body
Function
= Enhances function of a component of the system unit or provides connection to peripherals

*Peripheral
= Device that connects to the system unit and is controlled by the processor in the computer

Example:-
-modems
-printers

Types of Adapter card :-
1. Fire Wire
= connects to FireWire device
2. Modem
=Connects other Computer through telephone lines,cable television lines and etc.
3. Network
=Connects other computer and peripherals
4. Sound card
=Connects speakers or microphone
5. USB card
=Connects to USB devices
6. Video card
= Connects a monitor
7. MIDI
= Connects musical instruments
8. TV tuner
= Allows viewing television channels on the monitor
9. PC to TV converter
= Connects a television

# data[].attributes.body
Input

= Process any data and instructions entered into the memory of Computer

Output
= Data that has been processed inta a useful form

Input device
= Any hardware Computer that allows to enter data on instructions into a computer

Voice input
= Process of entering input by speaking into a microphone

Audio input
= Process of entering any sound into the computer such as music, sound effect

Video input
= Process of capturing full-motion ok images

Example :-
• keyboard
• pointing device
• microphone
• digital camera
• reading device:-
× Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
× Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
• touch screen
• joystick
• Digitizer

Output device
- Any hardware component that conveys information to people

Example :-
• display device
• printers
• speakers
• headphones
• earbuds
• data projector
• interactive whiteboard
• game controller

# data[].attributes.body
× Motherboard
=The main circuit board of the system unit, that contains integrated circuits
× Function:-
i. To holds many components of the system
ii. To provides connectors for other peripherals
× Basic Component of Motherboard:-
° Processor slot
≈ to hold processor
° Adapter card slot
≈ to hold adapter card
° Memory slot
≈ to hold memory modules

# data[].attributes.body
° Memory
= consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor

~ RAM = Random Access Memory
~ ROM = Read Only Memory

° Types of memory :-
° Volatile (RAM)
¹. Temporary : loses its contents when
the power is turned off
². Can be read from and written to by the
processor and other device
³. Hold data or programs that are
currently being used by the processor
⁴. RAM chip usually reside on a memory
module and are inserted onto the
memory slot

∆ Types of RAM :-

✓ DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
=Chips must be re-
energized constantly or
they lose their contents.

✓ SRAM (Static RAM)
=Chips are faster and
more reliable than any
variation of DRAM chips

✓ MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM)
=Stores data using
magnetic charges instead
of electrical charges

° Non-volatile (ROM)
¹. Permanently : Does not lose contents
when the power turned off
². Data is prerecord for read only
³. Contain a small startup program
(BIOS) which is used to boot the computer
⁴. Exist as a chip on the motherboard

∆ Types of ROM :-

✓ PROM (Programmable ROM)
= A blank ROM chip
on which a programmer
can write permanently.

✓ EPROM (Erasable ROM)
= These chips can be
erased and rewritten a
number of times

✓ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
= Allows a programmer
to erase the microcode
with an electric signal

# data[].attributes.body
● The processor = Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- CPU speeds is measured in Gigahertz (GHz)
● Function
= to interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
● Components of processor :-
Control unit
⟩ Is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the
computer
Arithmetic Logic Unit
⟩ Performs arithmetic, comparison and other
operations.

● Machine Cycle

1. Fetch
- Process of obtaining a
program instruction or
data item from memory

2. Decode
- Process of translating
the instruction into
signals the computer
can execute.

3. Execute
- Process of carrying out
the commands.

4. Store
- Writing the result to
memory

# data[].attributes.body
∆ Storage device

= The hardware that records or retrieves items to and from storage media.

• Writing

The process of transferring data, instructions , and information from memory to a storage medium.

• Reading

The process of transferring data, instruction and information from a storage medium into memory.

∆ Storage Media

= The physical materials on which a computer keeps data, instruction and information.

• Types of storage:-

• Magnetic Storage

= Use different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information

Example :
√ Hard disk
» External hard disk (wireless/use cable)
= Separate free-standing hard disk
» Removable hard disk
» Internal & External hard disk (in miniature sizes)

√ Floppy disk

• Optical storage
= Stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular disc

Example :
› Compact Disc (CD)
+ CD-ROM
+ CD- R
+ CD-RW

› Digital Video Disc (DVD)
+ DVD- ROM
+ DVD-RW
+ DVD+RW
+ DVD+RAM

› Blu-ray Disc (BD)
+ BD-ROM

• Flash memory
Example :
≥ Solid state drives
≥ Memory card
= Removable flash memory device that insert and remove from a slot in a computer/ mobile device
- compact Flash (CF)
- Secure Digital (SD)
- microSD
≥ USB flash drives

# data[].attributes.body
∆ Computer System
= A complete working computer includes operating system, software and hardware to make  computer function
∆ Computer
= An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data , process data , produce results for future use
∆ Data
= A Collection of unprocessed item which can include text,numbers,images, audio and video
∆ Information
= A collection of data that has been process into useful form

# data[].attributes.body
●A computer case also known as a computer :-
>Chassis
>Tower
>Base unit

>System unit

● The system unit
= A case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
● Inside of the system unit :-
*Motherboard
*Adapter cards
*Processor
*Memory