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CO: The ancient Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land - 2’03”

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CO: The ancient Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land - 2’03”

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BBC Four - Oceans Apart: Art and the Pacific with James Fox, Series 1, Australia, The ancient Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land

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James explores the extraordinary ancient Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land, Australia.

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A Walk Through Time With Aboriginal Art | Ken Bromley Art Supplies

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A Walk Through Time With Aboriginal Art   

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A Walk Through Time With Aboriginal Art   

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A) Get in 5 teams (see below for Teams A and E) and work on the task which has been assigned to you.

Team A: Create a timeline of events that will provide everybody with the historical context in Australia.

Team B: Create a map that includes cities, tribes, landscapes and particularities of these areas related to art.                                                                                               Team C: Create a poster/slideshow presenting the different rules/principles of Aboriginal art.
Team D: Create a matching game on LearningApps, presenting the different tools or products used, as well as the result that could be obtained in Aboriginal Art.

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The history of Australia is complicated. It is so large and remote that each state has its own personal and unique story, but almost every area was originally inhabited by the Aboriginal people, with records showing them living in Australia as far back as 80,000 years ago. They lived off the land, moving to areas that suited their needs depending on the seasons. Some tribes preferred the coastal lands, while others were happier in the bush. It is believed that there were around one million Aboriginal people in the early 18 th century, distributed between over 500 different tribes and speaking around 700 different languages between them.

A Background: Western Invasion

When the British discovered Australia around 1770, they decided it would be a great place to house their convicts. Prisoners were shipped in through Sydney Harbour and the Aboriginals began to experience a loss of territories as the prisons were built. Many also fell prey to foreign diseases, leading to illnesses they did not understand and, often, death.

Meanwhile, the staff working at the prisons sent back news of cheap land and well-paid work. News of a discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria hit China and suddenly Australia was inundated with migrants from all over the world who saw the chance for a better life.

For the Aboriginals, this meant disaster. Many were massacred, according to new Australian laws, as they got in the way of the western takeover, until only 60,000 of them remained. Eventually, this legislation was amended, so that slaughter was illegal but aboriginal children could be forcibly removed from their parents and adopted by a western family, introducing them to a way of life that was considered more civilised.

This legislation was also eventually abolished, but tensions between the two cultures still run high in modern society. Despite having access to free housing, they often do not live in the best of conditions and others have chosen to continue their traditional lifestyle in more remote areas of the country. One thing that both sides can appreciate is Aboriginal art. The indigenous population sees their work as a way to express their creativity and celebrate their culture, while Westerners see it as a way to help them settle into their society. Throughout Australia there are museums and galleries dedicated to the paintings and creative works of the Aboriginals and it can often be found for sale, making a perfect souvenir for tourists.

Art Through the Years

The first pieces of Aboriginal art were found in the form of rocks painted with ochres. The aboriginal tribes' language did not translate into written form, so they would often use their art as a way to communicate and express their feelings. The easiest way to do this was through story-telling scenes, making the art a delightful experience for the intended recipient, as well as an outsider point-of-view. Some paintings are intended to teach younger generations about survival and how to use the land, while others explained the tribes' beliefs and philosophies, as well as moral standards.

Most art was depicted using ochre paint on walls, trees and even bodies up until the 1930's. It was around this time that watercolours were introduced at the Hermannsburg Mission in Alice Springs. The artists were encouraged to paint desert landscapes, with the first exhibition of the celebrated painter, Albert Namatjira, being held in 1937 in Adelaide.

It was in the 1970's that Aboriginal art really came into its own. As the aboriginal children started to be integrated into schools, it became apparent to the westerners that their fathers would tell their children stories by drawing scenes in the sand. Geoffrey Barden was the school teacher in Papunya, Alice Springs, credited with encouraging the children to paint murals on the school walls before introducing them to cardboard and wood and, eventually, canvas. It was not long before the parents began to commit their scenes to a more permanent background too, and so began the Aboriginal art movement.

Modern Tools with Traditional Themes

The style of Aboriginal art varies according to tribe and area, but a common aspect of their creativity is the use of dots and cross-hatching. This unique painting style is thought to have been used to convey messages and tell stories even before they had discovered canvas. The scenes they would carve into the soil or on rocks would be surrounded by dots, visible only to tribe members, since the soil could be smoothed over and the rock paint could be washed away as needed.

Some of the very early pieces do show images of spiritual and ritual objects and ceremonies, as well as treasured artefacts, but there are very few of these designs in existence, as this full disclosure style was soon abandoned once the indigenous people realised that painting on canvas enabled Westerners and other tribes-people to understand their sacred designs and pictures, something that they had been able to keep for themselves for so long. This is why the majority of Aboriginal images contain abstracted sections, or may seem completely abstracted, as the artist takes the original image and skews it in an effort to disguise the meaning.

Even though the designs are now more permanent, there is a respected rule that aboriginals may only paint stories passed down to them through the generations. If a story is not thought to 'belong' to them, they will not use it in their art.

Colour Is Everything

There is a unifying theme throughout art in each tribe, and that is in the colours that are used. Traditionally, tribes had to make use of the dyes that surrounded them; in Arnhem Land and Kimberley, this meant using ochre, iron clay pigments and charcoal to create white, yellow, red and black, as well as grey, greens and mauves later on. However, tribes in the desert had access to soft earth colours.

Since access to modern paints has become easier for the tribespeople, brighter, primary colours have been incorporated into many designs, particularly those painted by women. However, the core shades remain since they are considered to be essential for the story-telling element.

Finding Your Way

Many well-known painters like to adopt an aerial view when creating their designs, imagining themselves hovering over a scene and almost painting a map of their considered surroundings. These images often show locations of sources of food and water, giving them a much more significant meaning to other tribe members, but are perhaps not so clear to outsiders.

Million-Dollar Art

In 2007, there was a spike in interest of aboriginal paintings. The first piece of Aboriginal art to sell for more than $1 million was painted by Emily Kame Kngwarreye. Titled 'Earth's Creation', it sold in the May to a private buyer and is a beautiful abstract design filled with bright yellows, greens, blues, brown and white.

Then, in July of the same year, Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri sold his painting, 'Warlugulong' for £2.4 million. This was a more sombre picture, with browns and greens and all the natural colours of the land and helped to cement aboriginal art's position as one of the most successful and long-lasting cultures ever.

There are few other art forms that have survived such a long period of time, with aboriginal art bringing the past into the future, so that indigenous roots, cultures and traditions are never forgotten. The fact that certain pieces can now command such a high price tag is testament to the skill of the artist, and also the importance of the message they have to convey.
Sources:

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A Walk Through Time With Aboriginal Art | Ken Bromley Art Supplies

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The history of Australia is complicated. It is so large and remote that each state has its own personal and unique story, but almost every area was

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- a very old text or document in which writing has been removed and covered or replaced by new writing.

- something such as a work of art that has many levels of meaning, types of style, etc. that build on each other.

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a) Official Definition of the "Dreaming" or "Dreamtime"

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a) Official Definition of the "Dreaming" or "Dreamtime"

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Translate it in your copybooks without using your iPad. You have 10-12 minutes.

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For this class, you will need to bring your own paintbrushes, a small pot to be filled with water, (pastels), paint, and Q-tips/cotton swabs. Also choose and bring some drawing paper in the size / colour you need for your poster (A4 to A1 size).

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For this class, you will need to bring your own paintbrushes, a small pot to be filled with water, (pastels), paint, and Q-tips/cotton swabs. Also choose and bring some drawing paper in the size / colour you need for your poster (A4 to A1 size).

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Team E: For C1-level pupils (if 1 or several of your works have already been labeled as “C1”).                                     Scan the article to answer the following questions:

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Team E: For C1-level pupils (if 1 or several of your works have already been labeled as “C1”).                                     Scan the article to answer the following questions:

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1) Has the practise of Aboriginal Art evolved over time?
2) What was the purpose of Aboriginal Art?
3) What unexpected effect has Aboriginal Art had in Australia?

- Once you are done answering your questions, get together and prepare a 5-minute oral presentation to explain your answers to your 3 questions, with a slideshow.

- Then, go from group to group, ask each group what they are working on, and share the information you had in your text you feel they might need. They will have to check whether they already had this information and, if need be, add it to their own productions.

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Aboriginal culture dates back as far as 60,000 years, possibly longer. This is when Aboriginal people first settled in what is now known as Australia. The first evidence of Aboriginal ethos or philosophy is evident in the still visible rock art which dates back more than 20,000 years.

Ochres were used to paint on rocks. Archaeologists have been able to date remains and findings as far back as 40,000 to 60,000 years from discoveries of primal campsites.

Aboriginal Art & Symbols

There is no written language for Aboriginal People so in order to convey their important cultural stories through the generations, it is portrayed by symbols/icons through their artwork.

It is imperative to pass on information to preserve their culture. Indigenous art is centered on story telling. It is used as a chronical to convey knowledge of the land, events and beliefs of the Aboriginal people.

The use of symbols is an alternate way to writing down stories of cultural significance, teaching survival and use of the land. The interpretations of the iconography differ depending on the audience.

When being told to children it would take on a simpler form highlighting the educational and behavioural aspect. There can be a combination of information and moral teachings behind the story. The children are taught right from wrong and the consequences of good and bad behaviour.

The stories, however would be interpreted at a very different and higher level form when teaching to initiated elders.

History of Aboriginal Art

Although Australian Aboriginals have been using ochres as body paint, on bark and rocks for tens of thousands of years it was not until the 1930's that the first paintings were done.

These were not done in ochre or in dot art but in water colour at the Hermannsburg mission near Alice Springs.

They illustrated desert landscapes. The first exhibition was in 1937 by the most famous of the first aboriginal watercolour painters, Albert Namatjira. His exhibition was held in Adelaide.

Below are several of his artworks and a collage of images.

Up until the early 1970s artists mainly used watercolours. Ochre and bark paintings were starting to become available to non-Indigenous admirers and at Ernabella mission in 1948 an art and craft centre was founded.

Traditionally paintings by Aboriginals were drawn on rock walls, ceremonial articles, as body paint and most significantly drawn in dirt or sand together with songs or stories. Artwork we see today on canvas and board commenced merely 50 years ago.

The Birth Of "Contemporary" Indigenous Art

In 1971, a school teacher named Geoffrey Bardon was working with Aboriginal children in Papunya, near Alice Springs. He noticed whilst the Aboriginal men were telling stories they would draw symbols in the sand.

He encouraged them to paint the stories onto canvas and board. This began the famous Aboriginal art movement. It was a major jump for Indigenous people to start painting their stories onto western facades which was a very foreign concept to them.

Since then Australian Aboriginal Art has been identified as the most exciting contemporary art form of the 20th Century. Aboriginal Artists need permission to paint particular stories.

They inherit the rights to these stories which are passed down through generations within certain skin groups. An Aboriginal artist cannot paint a story that does not belong to them through family.

Aboriginal Dreaming

Creation Law is the heart of Aboriginal culture and consequently for Aboriginal art. It sets down the Dreaming which provides the identity for Aboriginal people and their association or link to the land.

Dreamtime or Jukurrpa and Tingari (the term varies according to their particular local language) is the translation of the Creation of time for the Aboriginal People. Most Aboriginal Artists paint facets of their Dreaming which forms a share of their inheritance and identity.
Click Here to View 1000+ Amazing Aboriginal Artworks
Dots in Aboriginal Art

Many people believe that dots were used to hide information from white men when the Aboriginal people became afraid that they would be able to see and understand their sacred, private knowledge. The dots were used to obscure the secret symbols or iconography underneath.

The Many Styles of Aboriginal Art

Aboriginal art differs in character and style depending from which region the artist is from and what language is spoken. Most contemporary art can be recognised from the community where it was created.

The use for ochre paints is marked in Arnhem Land and east Kimberley. Materials (colours) used for Aboriginal art was originally obtained from the local land. Ochre or iron clay pigments were used to produce colours such as white, yellow, red and black from charcoal.

Other colours were soon added such as smokey greys, sage greens and saltbush mauves.

During the mid 1980's more Aboriginal women artists appeared on the scene and a wider range of modern colours were chosen and bright desert paintings started to arrive on the market.

Choice of colour continues to be an identifying feature of a particular style in many communities; Papunya Tula, part of the western desert art movement is known for its use of soft earth colours whilst many other Western Desert Communities opt for strong primary colours.

The styles vary dramatically even within regions and there is certainly no hard rule here as can be seen in many of Papunya's artworks that don't necessarily follow this thinking.

Other artistic variations pinpoint more closely to specific communities. Again, the styles can vary significantly within communities as well, although many become "well known" for a particular style of art.

A very popular style adopted by artists is painting from an aerial view. Many Indigenous artists imagine themselves hovering over the land (country) observing both the natural and metaphysical forms or markings of the landscape.

This characteristic style is quite popular and has led to some incredible works being produced. Knowledge of water sources and locations of bush tucker are drawn onto these maps.

Songlines or Dreaming tracks laid down in the Creation time by the spirit Ancestors are also laid down by the artist. These bird's eye views are characteristic of a hunter and gatherer society.

They read the earth surface closely for signs of life, for tracking animals and recognising recent events.

The Rise of The Indigenous Art Market

May 2007 saw the first piece of Indigenous art sold for more than $1 million. It was achieved by Emily Kame Kngwarreye's work 'Earth's Creation' also sold in 2007 to a private buyer for $1.056 million.

The same year in July of one of Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri's acclaimed work 'Warlugulong "map series" reached $2.4 million.

Aboriginal Art is equally at home in both galleries and museums. The Indigenous Aboriginal people of Australia are arguably the most successful and certainly the longest surviving culture in human history.

It is complex and focused on long term survival in the most hostile of environments. It has deep knowledge, spiritual, cultural and practical survival teachings.

Aboriginal Art reflects the earliest period of this ancient culture; it has both artistic and anthropological merit. This is one of the reasons it is so special and important.

Aboriginal Art & Remote Communities

Contemporary Aboriginal art has been an incentive for remote Aboriginal communities, in many places being the only business in small communities providing significant income to Aboriginal families.

The art movement has helped to strengthen culture in Aboriginal society by reinforcing the values of traditional knowledge, which forms the basis of Aboriginal art.

Now there is much Aboriginal art being produced in hundreds of remote communities around Australia and by urban Aboriginal artists.

Supporting Aboriginal art has a secondary effect in supporting the language and culture of Indigenous families who chose to live in remote locations linked to their own ancestral lands.

These groups are the largest contributors to art works seen in galleries and museums around the country.

Art + Culture = A Brighter Future

Aboriginal art has brought about a revival of their culture in many ways. It has substantially knocked down barriers of prejudice and misunderstanding on the part of westerners.

Our admiration of Indigenous art and our readiness to pay for it has helped Aboriginal people financially and most importantly given them a place of respect, standing and greater confidence.

It has revitalised young Aboriginal's appreciation and understanding of their culture through the teachings of the elders through this medium. Westerners admire the outstanding beauty and meaning of Aboriginal art which has completely changed relationships between the people and has helped build stronger bridges of understanding.

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The story of Australian Aboriginal Art. If you are looking for a great overview of what Aboriginal Art is all about, click to visit us and read this in depth article now.

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QCM « diagnostique» de connaissances sur école directe 

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QCM « diagnostique» de connaissances sur école directe 

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HELP

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The government of Gough Whitlam is plagued by resignations and the blocking of its budget by the upper house of the parliament. In an unprecedented move, the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, dismisses the government. A caretaker administration under Malcolm Fraser is installed, and goes on to win the general election.

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A chronology of key events in the history of Australia

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A) Listen twice and put the illustrations in the correct order.

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A) Listen twice and put the illustrations in the correct order.

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Listen to the story and put the illustrations in the correct order.

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c) Discover this Sway: 5 minutes of "skimming" (= lecture en diagonale pour comprendre, en gros, de quoi le document parle et quels sont les sujets abordés)  

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c) Discover this Sway: 5 minutes of "skimming" (= lecture en diagonale pour comprendre, en gros, de quoi le document parle et quels sont les sujets abordés)  

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Dreaming is an approximate English translation of an Aboriginal concept, which has no equivalent in the English language. Groups each have their own words for this concept: for example the Pitjantjatj

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d) Then, get in teams of 2 or 3 and divide the contents between the 2/3 of you, so that each student can focus on a part of this long document.                        

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d) Then, get in teams of 2 or 3 and divide the contents between the 2/3 of you, so that each student can focus on a part of this long document.                        

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10 minutes of more thorough reading

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B) Watch the YouTube video of the story. What lessons did Aboriginals want to teach their children, through  this famous story? Write your ideas in your copybook for 5 minutes, then share with the group.

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B) Watch the YouTube video of the story. What lessons did Aboriginals want to teach their children, through  this famous story? Write your ideas in your copybook for 5 minutes, then share with the group.

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type of document: a documentary about ancient rock art.

Presented by an Aboriginal art specialist named James Fox.

It was shot in Inulac. Fox is studying a big overhang rock on which there are more than a thousand different paintings, one on top of the other. = a Palimpsest

So it's quite difficult to decipher what's going on. But it's clear we're looking at a "menagerie" of local animals:

- a long-necked turtle

- a giant rock python (4 meters long?)

- a kangaroo or a wallaby

- a black echidna or "porcupine"

- cockatoo feathers

- dozens of fish

These barramundi (= big fish in Australia and South East Asia) started being painted 8000 years ago, in a uniquely perceptive way. Internal organs are shown (x-ray style). More paintings of spirit figures, staring at him.

It's like a labyrinthian art gallery like nothing is seen before.

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1) Choose a traditional story (see a few examples below). 

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1) Choose a traditional story (see a few examples below). 

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When you've made your choice, print your tale!

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A few examples of famous Dream Time stories

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A few examples of famous Dream Time stories

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- Tiddalick the Frog
- Why the Koala has a Stumpy Tail
- How the Kangaroos Got Their Tails
- How the Birds Got Their Colours
- How the Turtle got its shell
...

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2) Paint an aboriginal picture to illustrate the fundamental concept of “Dreaming” or “Dream-time” as expressed by this story. 

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2) Paint an aboriginal picture to illustrate the fundamental concept of “Dreaming” or “Dream-time” as expressed by this story. 

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3) Get ready to present it to the class.

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3) Get ready to present it to the class.

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a) Tell us the story. Say what Aboriginals wanted their kids to learn through this specific story. Tell us why you chose it.
b) Explain and justify your choices (colors, material, format, symbols and their positioning...)

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The different tools and products used in the Aboriginal art.

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Team B carte aborigène: Clément, Solene, Anaïs, Mathilde (Romain et Gautier) .

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Voice to Parliament Event Poster in Maroon Warm Pattern Style

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C : Sarah - Kami - Romane - Célestine - Pauline - Laura 

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C : Sarah - Kami - Romane - Célestine - Pauline - Laura 