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Galveston Capital Tourism And Marketing: Potential Zika Vaccine Protects Against Infection, Pregnancy Transmission & Testicular Damage

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Galveston Capital Tourism And Marketing: Potential Zika Vaccine Protects Against Infection, Pregnancy Transmission & Testicular Damage

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For the first time, a collaborative team led by The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston has shown that a potential Zika vaccine quickly can protect fetuses against infection as well as protect males against testicular infection and injury. It also prevents a lowered sperm count after one vaccination. The findings are currently available in Nature Communications.

Although Zika infection typically results in mild or symptom-free infections in healthy individuals, infected pregnant women without symptoms may still give birth to a baby with birth defects like microcephaly. Similarly, infected men without noticeable signs of illness may still incur testicular injury and lowered sperm count. The Zika virus could infect the male reproductive system for several months, posing risk for sexual transmission.

“This study showed, for the first time, that a single-dose vaccine candidate could prevent Zika infection in non-human primates, block mother-to-fetus transmission, and stop male testis infection in mice,” said UTMB’s Pei-Yong Shi, senior author and the I.H. Kempner professor at the department of biochemistry and molecular biology. “Besides quickly mounting a protective immune response, this live-attenuated vaccine exhibited an excellent safety profile in both mouse and non-human primate models. Taken together, the results suggest that this vaccine merits further development in humans.”

“Having a Zika vaccine that can protect male reproductive systems, pregnant women and their unborn babies would improve public health efforts to avoid birth defects and other effects of the disease in regions where Zika is circulating,” said Pedro Vasconcelos, director of Evandro Chagas Institute in Brazil and co-developer of this vaccine. “It’s important to note that a single-dose vaccine is practically important; vaccines that require booster shots are impractically challenging for people living in developing regions where access to medical facilities may be limited.”

Other authors include UTMB’s Chao Shan, Antonio Muruato, Bruno Nunes, Daniele Medeiros, Xuping Xie, Jannyce Nunes, Alan Barrett, Scott Weaver and Shannan Rossi; Justin Richner, Brett Jagger and Michael Diamond from Washington University School of Medicine; Kaitlyn Morabito, Wing-Pui Kong, Barney Graham and Theodore Pierson from the National Institutes of Health as well as Pedro Vasconcelos from Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Parå State University, Brazil.

The National Institutes of Health, UTMB, The University of Texas System, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Pan American Health Organization and the Kleberg Foundation, supported this work.

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Established in 1957, our company has been in business for more than 50 years. Our business is to provide technologies and services for infrastructure construction in the phases of surveying, planning, design, maintenance, management and operation. In Japan, we are a leading technology holder, particularly in the fields of bridges, roads and transport. Recently, we have been working to expand our business domains. For instance, we now engage in overall management of state-run parks. Overseas, we engage in a wide variety of areas such as the development of master plans for the entire county, national project management for international airports, seaports and railways, tourism development, environmental and energy development, medical care, and education.

In marking our 50th anniversary, we drew up a business plan titled I-Plan. I-Plan stipulates that our mission is to offer comprehensive intellectual services to realize secure and abundant lives for people around the world. It also specifies the stance of seeking employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction and social contribution as the highest priority values that we emphasize for fulfilling the mission. We consider the importance of employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction and social contribution. We also believe that enthusiasm and purposefulness are defined as driving forces that make us that type of company.

We wish to develop a company that fulfills this corporate philosophy. The company we aspire to be has three dimensions. The first is to be a company that allows its employees to feel a sense of pride. We are proud of our services that are extremely important in increasing local security and reassurance and in building a foundation for vitality. We therefore wish to maximize our service domains and service coverage area. The second is to be a company where employees can enjoy a feeling of accomplishment through performing their duties. We therefore focus on human resource development to maximize the abilities of staff and the organization. And the third is to be a company where employees are energetic. We will therefore improve the environment and system for working.

External circumstances today are changing dramatically. Seeing this as an opportunity, we will be united to boldly confront the challenges we face. We hope that those with the following attributes will join us to actively take up these challenges. The first attribute is leadership. We want our staff to think and act proactively, not take a passive attitude. The second is teamwork. We want our staff to communicate effectively and work together with others. The third is persistence. We want our staff to be persistent in pursuing their challenges, until they reach their goal. We look forward to your pursuing employment with us.

Hidenori NOZAKI

President and Representative Director

Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd.

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Heimdal Online Security:
Social Scams The Full Breakdown and Protection Plan

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Heimdal Online Security:
Social Scams The Full Breakdown and Protection Plan

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Remember the time when our email inbox was filled with requests to help endangered (and filthy rich) Nigerian princes?

Those scams never died, they just evolved. Attackers improved their tactics and changed the channel.

More people connected to the internet means that cyber criminals just have more potential victims. And when internet users migrate towards the social networks, guess where the attackers will be waiting?

Does this look familiar?

I bet you thought it’s a harmless post. But you could be just one click away from a nasty malware infection.

That’s why we decided to break down social media scams, so you can know what to expect and how to protect yourself.

·         Here’s the rundown of what you can learn from this article:

·         Core reasons behind scams on social networks

·         How scammers take advantage of social networks to make money

·         Common tricks you can come across

·         Social media scams on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more

·         Get it done: Must have in-account & on-device security settings

Core reasons behind scams on social networks

1. Make more money

Scammers plan most of their scams with one and only goal in mind: money. They will do anything to monetize your actions and your sensitive information.

They trick you to click on a link, download or install something, like or follow a social profile, share something or send it to your friends. They’ll try to gain any type of information from and about you that they can exploit or simply sell to others. They’ll even try to talk you into willingly sending them money.

2. Just for fun

However, some of these scams are done just for fun or out of curiosity, to find out if and how something works.

A quick example of a basically harmless scam: you’ve most likely come across at least one chain letter passed on via popular social networks. These are messages that claim that the owners of the network will start charging users or that it will shut down. They will prompt you to forward the message to everyone you know in order to shut down. Others claim that a brand or celebrity will donate money to a charity cause for every share of that message.

These kinds of scams are only social media clutter and noise. But they can also turn malicious very quickly.

How scammers take advantage of social networks to make money

1. They trick you into visiting websites and / or clicking on ads

Most websites make money from selling advertisements. The most common type of advertising is based on paying for impressions (page views – how many times did a potential customer view an ad?)

The impressions system is based purely on traffic, on the number of times an ad was displayed to a user while viewing a web page.

The pay-per-click system means that advertisers only pay the website when a user clicks on an ad.

This system can be tricked by generating clicks that don’t come from genuinely interested users, or by hijacking clicks that were intended for a legitimate advertiser.

You may argue that it’s harmless, and that an individual page view or click will only bring scammers a tiny amount of money.

So what if they trick you into clicking on an ad and you thought it’s a completely different thing? Only wasted time, right?

Well, if you start multiplying those few cents from your click with other millions of clicks that they managed to gather, you’ll see that scammers can fraudulently raise serious amounts of money.

This is called “Click fraud” and, according to a report from the Association of National Advertisers, marketers all over the world could lose this year up to $7.2 billion because of it.

It’s also worth noting that 90% of web attacks are delivered through advertising networks.

2. They trick you into liking pages, following people, tagging, commenting

This is similar to the previous point.

By making you like a page, follow an account, comment or tag people, scammers will raise the numbers of a social account. They also ensure that the action will appear in your news feed, providing them with access to more people.

Sometimes, this is for the own benefit of the scammers, so they can pretend their account has genuine online influence and then place ads it or even sell it.

Other times, third parties such as brands or companies will buy likes or followers for their social accounts. This way, they’ll be able to better sell their social media accounts; by making advertisers think they have real influence.

I’m just trying to clear how these things work, so I’ll not comment on the ethics of this action, as it’s not the main subject here.

3. They trick you into giving them sensitive information

Phishing is the name given to cybercriminals’ attempt to trick you into giving them sensitive information or money.

They will craft a plausible message that seems to come from a social network representative or from one of your online buddies. They will then lead you to a site that appears to be legit, where you’ll be prompted to enter sensitive information.

From name to email address, phone number, home address, social security number, to credit card details, bank account number, passwords, etc. – this kind of information can be used for financial fraud, identity theft, and blackmail and so on. That’s why it’s important to keep in mind that your personal information is as precious as gold and you should do anything to protect it.

Phishing attacks used to happen mostly through emails, but the landscape has changed dramatically over the past years, due to the rapid growth in social networks usage.

How scammers can take advantage of social media for phishing attacks:

– By pretending to be a representative of a social network.

Phishers take their time to create websites that look identical to your favorite social media networks. They also create fake emails or social profiles that seem to belong to genuine representatives of the network.

After they contact you either directly on the network, through private messages, or through emails that seem to be from the social network’s representatives, and they try to trick you to click on a link to: reset your password, reconfirm your account, and confirm that you don’t want your social account to be cancelled and so on.

This kind of information can then be used to access your account and send messages to friends, to further spread the links.

Other times, they can make money by exploiting the personal information they’ve obtained, either by selling it to third parties or by blackmailing you with this repercussion.

– By sending messages that appear to come from a buddy. In those messages, they invite you to click on a link to check out a video or see some disturbing news.

– By finding out essential information about you that will then increase their chances of a spear phishing attack.

Spear phishing is directed at specific companies or individuals, and it’s not as automated as common phishing.

The attackers will take their time to gather all available information about their target, in order to create a highly personalized and believable email.

Last autumn, researchers from the Dell Secure Works Counter Threat Unit identified a network of at least 25 well developed LinkedIn profiles that were part of a social engineering campaign.

Spear phishing requires a bigger effort, but it’s the most effective kind of phishing attack. And with the publicly available information that we voluntarily share on social media, its chances for success will most likely increase in time.

Phishing is also a potential launch ramp for malware, which leads us to… trick nr. 4:

4. They trick you into downloading malware

Malware is used as a collective name for malicious software – the type designed to disrupt or damage your data, software or hardware. Viruses, worms, keyloggers, Trojans – all these are just different forms of malware.

Cyber criminals spread malicious software for profit through adware (forced advertising), spyware (stealing your sensitive information) or ransomware (software that encrypts your content, blocks access to your system and demands payment in return for they key that will decrypt your data).

Usually, attackers get malware into your device through a variety of mechanisms that involve exploiting human and technical factors. You can get infected with malicious software just because you thought you were downloading a browser extension, an app or a game.

Examples of harmful apps to steer clear from:

·         Apps that claim to let you know who visited your profile

·         Apps that claim to enable the Dislike button on Facebook

·         Apps that claim to be a virus removal tool that will clean up your computer

·         Apps that claim to change the color of your Facebook profile

·         Apps that claim to provide you free likes or followers

This kind of applications carries more or less dangerous types of malicious code. Afterwards, your social account will be used to spread the apps to your friends, sending them messages to encourage to download the software as well, thus further propagating itself.

These scripts can also command your profile to like other pages, helping scammers further monetize the con.

5. They trick you into spreading chain letters

We’ve mentioned these before. Chain letters are messages that catch your interest by claiming that a social network plans on charging users in the near future or that they will shut down. Chain letters ask you to distribute the message to everyone you know, in order to stop the network from charging money or shutting down.

Other forms of chain letters claim that a brand or celebrity will donate money to a charity cause for every share of that message. Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg are usually targeted for this one.

Variations include emotionally extorting you through fake stories of sick kids, false warnings of viruses circulating, monetary rewards, etc.

These letters used to be sent exclusively via email but, nowadays, because of the increasing popularity of social networks, cyber criminals started taking advantage of them and our decreasing attention span.

Chain letters can take the form of a post from an online buddy, or a direct message.

They are generally harmless, but, other times:

·         They will ask you to donate money for a charity cause (that’s actually controlled by a cyber criminal).

·         They will urge you to download something in order to protect yourself from a virus that is circulating on the web. This can be done either by clicking on a link that redirects you to a phishing site, or by downloading an attachment that contains malware.

Many people have fallen for this kind of stuff and continue to propagate the messages.

Break the chain – report the message (or mark it as spam), delete it and inform the ones who sent them that they are fake.

Common tricks you can come across

Instead of focusing only on highly technical methods, scammers base their attacks on social engineering tactics.

Cyber criminals will cheat, lie, exploit your trust, take advantage of your emotions, curiosity or lack of technological knowledge, trick you to install malware or divulge sensitive information. No trick is off-limits.

It’s important to note that most people won’t even report when they were tricked via social engineering. They realize they were stupid and don’t want to further embarrass themselves. Reporting would benefit everyone involved, so it’s time to get over your mild embarrassment.

Here are a few scenarios that you must pay attention to:

1. Shocking news

Shocking news uses something that’s hot right then. It’s something that everyone is talking about in the media and on social networks, such as a terrorist attack or a flight crash. You might expect to see a video or news, but, instead, the link leads to spammy, pop-up filled or malware-laden websites.

“Curiosity killed the cat”.

2. Fake celebrity news

Kim Kardashian’s newest bum photos? Bin Laden’s video death? Vanilla Ice dead?

Always a sure way to get clicks from gullible users.

3. Emotional extortion

Photos of sick babies or endangered animals that lure you into watching a video or to see news.

4. Free stuff

Gift exchanges, free coupons, free trips, free iPhones, free likes or followers, gift cards – basically, free everything.

These scenarios usually take advantage of big brands names: Starbucks, Victoria’s Secret, the Cheesecake Factory. And they come in exchange for other potential ways for the scammer to propagate the con: click here, like and share, tag friends, follow someone, etc.

5. Easy money

Remember the Nigerian prince scam, where you’re typically required to send money over so that, in turn, you’ll receive several times more than the originally borrowed sum?

Or the spammy emails that claimed that you won millions of dollars at a lottery or a prize in a competition?

In order to receive the prize, they prompt you to send over some personal identification information and a small fee for post office.

These kind of scams just moved from email to direct messages on social networks. Here’s an example from LinkedIn. invit=�3�]

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International Financial Corporation
Securities Regulatory Commission World Bank Group on Changing the Energy Landscape
in Central America

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International Financial Corporation
Securities Regulatory Commission World Bank Group on Changing the Energy Landscape
in Central America

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Central American residents pay nearly twice as much to keep their lights on as do their neighbors in South America. The high energy costs hurt the region’s businesses and its residents, hampering job creation and making it harder for people to improve their lives.

Soaring electricity rates have long burdened Central America, as the region is highly dependent on imported fossil fuel and at the mercy of fluctuating oil prices. At the same time, rising demand is putting pressure on the region to expand its capacity to generate electricity. It is crucial that the region develop alternate power sources to lower costs, ease the reliance on fuel imports, and reduce carbon emissions.

To tackle this challenge, IFC has supported private sector developers and financed a series of projects in the region—building on our decades of experience in supporting electricity generation, transmission, and distribution upgrades in developing countries.

The latest one is AES Colón—Central America’s first integrated plant that generates power from liquefied natural gas. In July, we completed a $150 million financing package for the construction and operation of the 380-megawatt plant, which will help mitigate the risk of electricity shortages while introducing a clean, cost-effective, and reliable energy source

CUTTING CARBON EMISSIONS

Natural gas—a cheaper and cleaner alternative to fossil fuels—holds great potential as a source of energy in Central America. The region currently relies on heavy fuel oil and diesel for over 40 percent of its installed generation capacity.

Over the past decade, Central America struggled to get natural gas projects off the ground. These plants demand large investment, and the energy markets in the region were not big enough to attract investors. As a whole, Central America has roughly the same capacity to generate electricity as Colombia, further south.

IFC is helping to change that. Located on Panama’s Atlantic coast, AES Colón includes an onshore terminal where liquefied natural gas is regasified to feed the power plant. The facility is sponsored by AES Corporation and Panama-based Motta Group.

By its third year of operation, AES Colón is expected to generate 2,100 gigawatt hours of power which would otherwise be produced using heavy fuel and diesel. This will represent a reduction of about 1 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year—the equivalent of taking more than 200,000 cars off the road. Once operational, the project is expected to reduce Panama’s carbon dioxide emissions by about 4 percent.

In addition to reducing carbon emissions, natural gas complements renewable energy by ensuring a steady supply of clean power that is able to balance the inherent variability of wind and solar energy.

POWER FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

Since 2010, IFC has supported the implementation of over 900 MW of new renewable energy capacity in Central America, including 215 MW of wind and 215 megawatt-peak of solar photovoltaic projects, helping offset a slowdown in the construction of hydropower projects in the region.

In Panama, we have provided a $300 million financing package for the Penonome wind power plant, the largest wind farm in Central America. The project is expected to generate the equivalent to 5 percent of the country’s total energy demand. In Honduras, we have recently supported three of the first large-scale grid-connected solar projects in the country.

In Costa Rica, the Reventazón 305-MW hydropower plant we are supporting will bring light to half a million homes. In recent years, we have also financed a 72-MW geothermal plant in Nicaragua and 123 MW of run-of-the-river hydroelectricity projects in Panama and Honduras—where little or no water storage is necessary.

From Panama to Costa Rica through Nicaragua and on to Honduras, new renewable and clean-energy projects are helping transform Central America’s energy landscape and demonstrate that the region can develop the power infrastructure it needs to grow sustainably.

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Human
Capital Alliance: Professionals Service Providers Lay Stress on Stronger Relationships

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Human
Capital Alliance: Professionals Service Providers Lay Stress on Stronger Relationships

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Editor: In 2004, Edwin Sim established Human Capital Alliance, Thailand’s  Premier Executive Search & Senior Advisory Firm. Between 1997-2003, Edwin Sim was Managing Partner of Korn Ferry Thailand.  This article was first published by the Nation in July 2001.

K I Woo looks at how transaction-oriented professional service providers are shifting their focus to building client relationships.

Coming out of the financial crisis, Asia ’s multinational professional service providers are changing their strategic focus.

During the economic boom, major international law, accounting, architectural and engineering, management consulting and executive recruitment firms only had to sit in their offices while their phones rang off the hook. They spent most of their time deciding which potential clients to call back.

As the crisis tightly gripped the country, many professional service providers switched gears and became restructuring specialists. Forced to restructure or go out of business, clients continued to run to them. Business for professional service providers continued to boom during the crisis. They ainly focused on handling short engagements as their clients fought to use their services.

Today, as the crisis winds down, many multinational service providers operating in the region are again switching gears. Although many major consulting firms have cut back their restructuring operations and sent scores of foreign specialists home, other firms are expanding in Thailand by finding growing niche markets such as systems formulation, implementation and integration.

However, most professional service providers are in a state of flux.

During the past eight years, the booming US economy acted as the world’s growth engine. Today, with the US and European economic experiencing slowdowns, and the Japanese economy continuing to slumber, there are few external factors to drive small regional economies.

Closer to home, professional service providers are forced to adjust their operations as their clients prepare for an uncertain economic environment. During the boom times and the recent critical restructuring period, many large companies routinely hired professional service providers on a contractual basis when they needed them. If the firms wanted a specific problem studied and rectified, they would call in a professional service provider.

Today, major multinational companies as well as Thai companies are no longer satisfied with this type of arrangement. “These companies are now demanding a higher level of service,” said Edwin Sim, managing director and country manager Korn Ferry Thailand .

Major Thai companies that have virtually completed their restructuring processes are now looking at how they can best implement their new strategies and visions during this time of uncertainty, Sim said. “They are now demanding that service providers give them continuous consultative services.”

Companies that managed to survive the economic crisis are no longer comfortable calling service providers just to handle emergencies. “In a more uncertain economy, no CEO wants to fight unnecessary fires, which can be prevented with solid strategic planning and incisive policy implementation,” he said.

For the previously transaction-oriented service providers, the adjustment from transaction-based services to relationship-based services will mean new challenges. However, service providers such as lawyers, accountants, executive recruiters and other management consultants can invariably create a win-win situation for themselves as well as their clients.

In the long run, the service providers will be able to spread client acquisition costs over a customer base that uses more of their products and services. Clients benefit because they experience a more hands-on partnership with their trusted service providers. Rather than fighting fires when problems arise, the service providers are constantly available because under a retainer, they are continuously advising senior management during critical strategic policy formulation and implementation activities.

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Paternal Great-Grandfather James Earl Hamilton
Marsden

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Paternal Great-Grandfather James Earl Hamilton
Marsden

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Sir John Hamilton of Cadzow, 4th Laird of Cadzow (b. bef. 1370 – d. c. 1402) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier.

He succeeded his father, DaCadzow, no later than 1392, when he appears on a charter of Andrew Murray of Touchadam as Dominus.

He was imprisoned, along with his brothers William and Andrew, in Norwich in 1396. Richard II of England ordered their release from the Mayor and bailies of that city on 29 June. It appears that their imprisonment was due to violations of the truce between the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. John Hamilton, brother of John Hamilton of either feeling Bardowi, then the uncle of John Hamilton of Fingalto, was released from the Tower of London on the same date.

A John Hamilton, either his brother John Hamilton of Bardowie, or uncle John Hamilton of Fingalton, was released from the Tower of London on the same date. Hamilton and his uncle seem to have found themselves guests of the English again.

For more info about this topic, click here.

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Felizia Bacall, Consultant, Bridgespan

Felizia Bacall is a consultant in Bridgespan’s Boston office. Before joining Bridgespan, she worked as research analyst for the Finance Department of the International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC. She has also worked at the Millennium Challenge Corporation on their monitoring and evaluation team, and as a financial services associate at PriceWaterhouseCoopers. Her most recent work was for Partners in Food Solutions in Kenya conducting the due diligence and ground work to open a lending facility for food producers in Africa. Bacall earned her MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and her bachelor’s in economics, politics, and global studies from Brandeis University. While at Tuck, Bacall was a fellow for the Center for Global Business and Government.

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Holiday Scams: The Dangers
and How to Avoid them by Bacall Associates

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Holiday Scams: The Dangers
and How to Avoid them by Bacall Associates

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As holiday bookings reach their new year peak, consumers are warned to look out for fraudulent travel websites and other holiday scams

As the UK hits the busiest time of the year for holiday bookings, experts are warning consumers about the dangers of fraudulent travel company websites and other holiday scams. Abta, the Travel Association, has produced a list of warning signs for consumers to look out for, to help reduce the risk of falling foul of bogus sites.

If a website you are looking at has a combination of the following signs, it may be an indication that it’s not to be trusted …

Flight or holiday prices that are considerably cheaper than competitors. Flight prices are largely set by airlines, so although agents have some leeway in price, if the agent you’re contacting is charging significantly less than everyone else, this could be a sign that something is not quite right.

Low resolution, “fuzzy” logos for trade associations and credit card companies.

The only payment option is a bank transfer. Not only is this an indication that no bank is prepared to provide credit card facilities, but if you are dealing with a scammer it will be virtually impossible to get your money back.

Non-receipt of tickets – constantly being “fobbed off”.

Abta also advise consumers to do an online search before booking to check the profile of the company. If the company has been defrauding people, or has a bad reputation, there is a good chance consumers will have posted details or warnings about the company.

Other advice offered to stay safe when booking online is to:

Check the web address is legitimate and has not been altered by slight changes to a domain name, such as going from .co.uk to .org. You can also check the details of the domain name of the website at who.is – when was it registered? Recently could indicate an issue, while if the address is anonymous and information about the person or organisation that registered it cannot be viewed that could also be a warning sign.

Check whether the company is a member of a recognised trade body such as Abta or Atol. You can verify membership of Abta online at abta.com.

Check the paperwork – you should study receipts, invoices and terms and conditions, and be wary of companies that don’t provide any.

Use your instincts; if something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.

Holiday fraud led to an estimated £7m being stolen from consumers in 2014, according to a report released by the City of London Police National Fraud Intelligence Bureau in April, with £2.2m lost to online scams. The average loss to the individual was £889, while one individual lost £62,000 in a fraud relating to timeshare.

The report also detailed the emotional toll for victims: one third said the fraud had a substantial impact on their health as well as their financial well-being, while 167 were affected so badly they had to receive medical treatment.

According to the report, the most common types of fraud related to holiday accommodation, in which fraudsters set up fake websites and posted fake ads online, as well as fake airline bookings and bookings related to high-profile sport and religious trips, such as the World Cup or Hajj.

Stuart Fuller, director of commercial operations at online brand protection company NetNames, said professional-looking websites can be set up easily, using rudimentary coding skills. Fraudsters can also leave fake online reviews on sites such as Tripadvisor to help exploit the trust of consumers.

“Unfortunately, often victims do not discover they have been duped until arriving at the airport or hotel only to find there is no booking,” he said.

John de Vial, head of financial protection at ABTA said: “Our consumer helpline has seen an increase in calls from members of the public who are either checking the validity of a suspicious website or, worse, have already paid by bank transfer and then been fobbed off when trying to get hold of their tickets. We want to make consumers aware of this problem and stop them from being ripped off in this way.”

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Beach Vacation
Trip Tips by Bacall Associates

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Beach Vacation
Trip Tips by Bacall Associates

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Beach is probably one of the favorite place of families to go to during vacations. Kids will be super excited when you tell them you're going to the beach, and they will definitely start packing their favorite things to bring with them.

You can enjoy listening to the waves while enjoying your favorite book and laying down on a soft towel under an umbrella. Bacall Associates put together a few tips to consider for your perfect beach vacation.

Location

Obviously, there are a lot of beaches to choose from, and each of them offers unique services. Before booking your trip, make sure to choose the best beach that suits your family's interests. Your family's enjoyment should be your utmost priority. You can ask your close friends or other relatives for suggestions, or you can just browse the internet and trust Google's results. Don't choose a beach that is exclusive for singles or couples if you're planning to have a vacation with your whole family. For a new adventure, you can also choose a 'virgin' beach or a quiet and less crowded beach. Your family will surely enjoy the serenity of such places, and you can do activities on your own without disturbing other people. For example, lots of reviews state that Singapore doesn’t really have nice beaches because it’s only known for its towering steel and glass towers, but it has few beaches that are very beautiful, quiet and peaceful and only the locals know their locations and some of which doesn’t have an official beach name. Secret beaches are amazing! But since they are not made to cater tourists, your family need to prepare everything you need by yourselves.

Accommodations

If you're planning to stay for a few days at the beach, then you and your family should have a place to stay in. You can choose between hotels often available at the beachfront, or hotels within walking distance of your beach's location. You don't want to choose faraway hotels, right? Choose the one that is the most convenient for your family, and has a wide variety of beach accommodations perfect for any beach experience you're looking for. You can choose between romantic cottages, full-service resorts, family-friendly hotels, or even campsites. You should ask your family members for their preferred accommodation to have a unified decision.

Activities

Your family will definitely enjoy doing different kinds of activities during your beach vacation, so you should choose a beach that offers an amazing array of activities. Bacall Associates advise you to plan ahead and organize everything beforehand. Ask questions to the staff of the beach to plan the activities you’ll be having. Paying in advance is also an option so that you’ll not bother yourself bringing a large amount of money to the beach. Before booking, don't forget to ask if those services are available during your stay. You can also discuss this matter with your family members so that they know what to expect and what activities to perform on the beach.

Time

Note that choosing the right time is crucial for your beach vacation. You should know that peak season and public holidays mean crowded beaches, and expect traffic and fully booked airports. With these situations in hand, you should be able to make everything right for your vacation. Yes, you have a lot to consider that's why you shouldn't rush planning and take one step at a time. To avoid rainy and very hot seasons, check the weather of the area at different times of the year. Remember that choosing the most convenient time for you and your family is really important.

Packing

Bacall Associates advises you to pack right and light. Girls usually plan to pack their things in advance than boys, but it'll be better if everyone will do this beforehand. With this, you’ll have more time organizing your things and putting everything you need without forgetting anything important. This can result in a less stressful beach vacation. Making a list of the things you need can help you organize your things. Some of the most important things to bring with you include cash, hat and sunscreen, phone charger, reading materials, and of course, an extra outfit.

Bacall Associates has been in the travel arena for decades, so you can definitely trust the tips given above in planning your beach vacation. So what are you waiting for? Start preparing the things you need, and make sure that you will be having a memorable beach holiday with your family.

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Beach Vacation
Trip Tips by Bacall Associates

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Beach Vacation
Trip Tips by Bacall Associates

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Bacall Associates - Tips for
an Effective PR Campaign

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Bacall Associates - Tips for
an Effective PR Campaign

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The phrase “With great effort comes great reward” never gets old to Bacall Associates. This phrase serves as their inspiration to provide great services to their clients. They make sure that they’re giving their best in everything they do. The same can be applied to you because you just need to exert great effort to achieve effective PR campaign.

Along with other business owners, you want to increase your visibility and reach your target market, right? Then content and execution will be your saving grace. Remember that those are important to make sure that your PR campaign will not fail.

To make your PR campaigns effective, you need to consider the following in order to help you achieve success.

A crystal clear goal

It’s apparent that it should be on the top of the list because without a goal, you can’t score. You and your audience may become confused if you don’t have a clear purpose for your campaign. Your answer to the question, “What do you want to achieve for your brand?” should be definite and clear. Keep in mind that this will be very important to you because this will serve as your steering wheel in driving the road to success.

Right audience

You should reach the right audience for your brand. Considering your potential media outlet’s audience and tone is important. Make sure that your content matches them and is appropriate. To target different types of media, you should create different pieces of content such as press releases, content marketing articles, and creative media kits. But remember, spamming irrelevant content is not good for your brand’s image, so avoid doing it to everyone on your contact list. Publishing your content may not be enough, so it’s better to put more effort on your side and do your best to communicate the right message to the consumers.

Reachable content

It is clear that having a constant interaction with the consumers is a vital part of your campaign, and this is possible if you have reachable content. Nowadays, the power of social media platforms is undeniably changing the world of public relations, especially in countries like Singapore where social media is being used every day by the majority of its people. You can easily share your content through Facebook, Twitter, YouTube or LinkedIn, that can lead to an effective communication between you and the consumers. Make sure that your content has a connection with your brand and that the message is not lost. But don’t make it all about your brand. For example, tutorials on YouTube regarding beauty or fitness provide the demonstration of the product along with an entertaining and informative experience they can interact with.

False impression

You should definitely AVOID this. Your content may seem flawless, but according to reviews, it can still be misunderstood by some and have different meanings. Do some research and get different perspectives to minimize the chances of your PR campaign gaining attention for all the wrong reasons. Simple phrases, symbols and metaphors, altogether might have a different meaning, making this crucial for international campaigns.

Effectiveness

Measuring your campaign’s effectiveness should also be a part of your concern. Think of how you will measure the success of your PR campaign before you begin sending press releases. Having different KPIs, or Key Performance Indicators, is often a good idea according to the experts of Bacall Associates.

Trends

You can better understand the consumers and media by keeping yourself updated with the latest trends, from new apps to the latest publications, and even current affairs. This can help you communicate your message more efficiently, making your brand get the recognition it deserves.

Keep in touch with Bacall Associates if you’d like to discuss your public relations approach because they can greatly help you with your every need.

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Tips for Backpacking through
Southeast Asia by Bacall Associates Travel

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Tips for Backpacking through
Southeast Asia by Bacall Associates Travel

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Southeast Asia is among the most famous destinations in the world for backpackers. It's possible for you to discover lots of charm in every state, so it is a must see for many. If you are already residing in Asia, it is possible to adjust to any states within this sub region, but you could get a culture shock if you’re from a foreign land like USA or Europe. So performing a research is essential before the journey. Bacall Associates provide important pointers to take note of before you begin your journey to prevent any disorderly scenarios.

Don’t be afraid to haggle

Most westerners are shocked to learn that this was a common practice in the subregion, for them, it looks like an unfair deal to the sellers. But no more worries because most of the time, it’s not. Some foreigners just accept the first price stated by a seller and will not bother arguing about it. But in most cases, the first price was worth much more than the regular price. Bargaining is not a confrontation, so there’s no need to be scared of, just smile and ask the seller nicely, and eventually, you’ll find it very interesting to do.

You don’t need to book in advance

It will be really nerve-wracking and tiring to visit various locations at once, and then going back to the hotel you’re staying. It would be better to find a place to stay to the place you fell in love with during your travel because it will be easier to discover that particular place and enjoy its surroundings. You can have a flexible schedule if you’re going to do this rather than booking rooms in advance of time, simply because you’ll have more freedom to decide where to stay. But occasionally, booking ahead is recommended if you know you’re going to be exhausted from an extended flight, bus or train ride, or if you’re visiting a place during a major event and you don’t have time to roam about.

Transportation: Don’t be in a hurry

Expect to wait more minutes or hours in the estimated time of the arrival of a bus or train if you’re planning to go somewhere in Southeast Asia. Don’t get frustrated in this situation, but simply believe that this could bring you some favorable impact such as learning to restrain your misery and raise your patience. But there are some cities in the region that have efficient and developed transport systems, and one of which is Singapore.

Be cautious of scams

Scams could be everywhere and it can occur to you. Unfortunately, tourists becoming victims of various scams is nothing new in this region. Instead of being frightened, you need to be more cautious when traveling to Southeast Asia, or any part of the world. Before you begin your journey, you need to teach yourself with the most frequent kind of scams. If you know what to avoid, you can have a safe journey.

Properly manage your visa requirements

There are various visa requirements for each country in Southeast Asia, and Bacall Associates needs you to be educated of those. You cannot be accepted to every border by simply showing up your passport.

Stay hydrated

Showering two times a day might not be enough for you because Southeast Asia is quite hot during the coolest time of the year. Bacall Associates wants you to stay hydrated all the time because you’re going to sweat like never before, and during the hottest time of the day, find some shady spot and relax there for a bit.

Don’t get too excited on street foods

Some tourists experience having excruciating stomach pain due to food poisoning or eating undercooked food. Target stalls that have a line-up because you can be sure that the food is freshly cooked and not sitting under a heater all day.

There’s so much beauty to witness in Southeast Asia, and it’s not just about partying and beaches, the region is also rich in culture, and each of its countries deserves all the synonyms of the word “breathtaking”. Its simplicity and slow pace of life will undoubtedly capture your heart.

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Hollywood Movies in the
Classroom: Bringing Finance and Business Ethics Alive

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Hollywood Movies in the
Classroom: Bringing Finance and Business Ethics Alive

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George W. Kester, Washington and Lee University
Gregory J. Cooper, Washington and Lee University
Roger A. Dean, Washington and Lee University
Peter T. Gianiodis, Clemson University
Michael G. Goldsby, Ball State University

ABSTRACT

This paper describes how Hollywood movies can be used in the classroom to bring finance and business ethics alive in ways that that are difficult to achieve in traditional lectures, assignments and written case studies. The use of seven popular full length motion pictures, four fictional and three based upon actual events, are discussed along with an approach that uses selected excerpts (film clips) in the classroom.

"Anyone who tries to make a distinction between education and entertainment doesn't know the first thing about either."

Marshall McLuhan

INTRODUCTION

Teaching finance and other business disciplines poses the continuous challenge of linking the wide variety of theories to the “real world” and providing students with an organizational frame of reference that helps them understand and appreciate the relevance and context within which the subject matter applies. It is also challenging to include the human dimensions of our disciplines. It is ultimately men and women who practice finance and business, people who are motivated by egos, desire for career success, lust, money, job security, excitement, competition, greed, and power.

There is a growing body of literature that describes how business faculty can effectively use movies to teach a variety of difficult topics in the classroom. Many students, but in particular undergraduate students, do not have the business experience and organizational context within which to place much of what is learned in the classroom. This is especially the case when studying the managerial motivations (e.g., personalities, egos, and greed) surrounding strategic decisions such as corporate takeovers and proxy fights or malfeasance such as insider trading, and fraud. As demonstrated by Serey (1992), who uses the movie Dead Poets Society to teach management and organizational behavior and Harrington and Griffin (1989), who use the popular science fiction movie Aliens to teach leadership and power, movies are able to bring situations and people to life in ways that lectures, cases, and text books simply cannot.

Building upon this foundation, this paper describes how movies can be used in the classroom to facilitate learning on subjects as varied as leveraged buyouts, perverse employee incentive systems, fraudulent accounting practices, and rogue financial trading. The paper is organized as follows. The first section provides overviews of seven popular Hollywood motion pictures and how they can be integrated into finance and business courses to reinforce, illustrate, and help bring subjects alive: Barbarians at the Gate, Boiler Room, Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, Glengarry Glen Ross, Other People's Money, Rogue Trader and Wall Street. The second section further elaborates the benefits of using movies in the classroom, to both substitute as well as complement traditional learning tools. The third section discusses the use of selected excerpts (film clips) from movies or television productions as an alternative to showing full length movies in the classroom.

THE MOVIES

Barbarians at the Gate (1993, 107 minutes) The HBO movie Barbarians at the Gate is based upon the bestselling book Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar (1991) that chronicles the history of RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company from its inception in 1875, to its numerous food company acquisitions in the 1970's and 1980s, its acquisition of Nabisco Brands, Inc. in 1985, and the historical takeover battle and leveraged buyout of the company in 1988.

Starring James Garner as F. Ross Johnson, CEO of RJR Nabisco, Jonathan Pryce as Henry Kravis of Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts & Co. (KKR), Fred Thompson as James Robinson, CEO of American Express, and Peter Riegert as Peter Cohen, CEO of Shearson Lehman Hutton, the movie focuses upon the events, executives, lawyers and investment bankers who were drawn into one of the largest leveraged buyouts in history. After learning that the company's new smokeless cigarette called Premier is likely to fail in the market, F. Ross Johnson decides to take the RJR Nabisco private by buying out existing shareholders. Although Johnson was originally introduced to the idea of a leveraged buyout (LBO) by Henry Kravis, he decides to instead work with the Shearson Lehman Hutton division of American Express. Feeling betrayed and not too be out done and dethroned as the king of LBO's, Kravis decides to submit a bid for the company and a highly-publicized bidding contest ensues between KKR and the Johnson management group. Whereas the management group's strategy was to sell the company's food businesses and retain its tobacco business, KKR's strategy was to retain the tobacco business as well as many of the food businesses. Ultimately, KKR prevails, but at an inflated purchase price financed by an enormous amount of debt.

The story of the buyout of RJR Nabisco portrayed in the movie combines colorful personalities, power, greed, ethics, and egos – a combination guaranteed to capture the interest of students. Students are fascinated with the lavish lifestyle, fraternal mentality, and motivation of F. Ross Johnson, and the shrewdness of KKR's Henry Kravis. Their reactions to Johnson and Kravis range from repulsion to attraction. For some students, the RJR Nabisco buyout saga reinforces their desire to pursue careers in finance and investment banking. For others, it causes them to reconsider their career plans and goals.

As described by Nofsinger (1995) and Peterson and Philpot (1997), Barbarians at the Gate can be effectively used to prompt discussions of issues related to valuation, ethics, agency theory, leveraged buyouts, capital structure, and social responsibility. They suggest discussion questions that can be used during or after the movie to stimulate discussion by students of these and other issues. Kester (2008) discusses how the movie can be combined with Burrough's and Helyar's book, a Harvard Business School case that focuses on the valuations of RJR Nabisco, and articles in the popular press to provide students with a multidisciplinary (and multimedia) perspective into the one of the largest leveraged buyouts in history.

Boiler Room (2000, 120 minutes)

Boiler Room is drama about the world of aggressive, unscrupulous stock brokerage firms. The movie focuses upon Seth Davis (portrayed by Giovanni Ribisi), who has dropped out of college and runs a casino out of his apartment for college students. Recruited by a friend who works for the brokerage firm J.T. Marlin, Davis quickly learns how to cold call prospects over the telephone and use aggressive sales tactics to generate clients for the firm.

Although he becomes quite good at his job, he learns that the firm's business model is just a “pump and dump” scam. Davis and the other brokers are paid high commissions to convince affluent investors (whales) to purchase shares of near-defunct companies, thereby inflating the prices so that the current owners can sell the shares at the high prices before the companies actually collapse. When the firm is finished pumping the stocks, the new investors are stuck with shares with no buyers and the price drops leaving them with worthless stock and substantial losses. Ultimately, the FBI confronts Davis and pressures him to cooperate in bringing down the firm.

Boiler Room, which also stars Vin Diesel, Nia Long, Nikki Katt and Ben Affleck, is a classic story of greed, excess, and unethical business practices. It can be used in courses in investments, organizational behavior, or business ethics to expose students to the use of perverse incentive systems and unscrupulous brokerage and sales practices that seem to be far removed from practices of traditional brokerage firms. At the same time, however, the sales tactics and single-minded pursuit of trading commissions seem uncomfortably familiar. As with Barbarians at the Gate, the themes depicted in Boiler Room penetrate students to the point where some rethink their future career choices.

Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005, 110 minutes)

Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room is the academy award-nominated documentary based on the best-selling book by Fortune reporters Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind (2003). It chronicles the demise of Enron Corporation, one of the largest corporate frauds in history. Narrated by actor Peter Coyote, the documentary features interviews with former Enron executives and employees, reporters, traders, and security analysts. It examines the moral vacuum, excesses, and obsessive pursuit of profit at any cost that that eventually resulted in the company's bankruptcy. Also examined in the movie is Enron's involvement in the California electricity and state-wide blackout.

Hatfield and Buchko (2008) discuss how Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, can be used to enhance discussions of financial and ethical issues related to this well known business scandal that “has become synonymous with bad management, corruption, and management failure.” (p. 68). They provide discussion questions and suggested additional readings that can be used to enhance discussion in the areas of agency theory, capital budgeting, capital structure, bankruptcy, corporate takeovers, information asymmetries, stock valuation, corporate governance, and ethics. In particular, the film is an excellent tool to teach students how a strong organizational culture (i.e., perverse inventive systems, strong risk appetite, loose corporate controls, etc.) can lead to disastrous organizational outcomes.

Glengarry Glen Ross (1992, 100 minutes)

Critically acclaimed Glengarry Glen Ross is an independent film based on the Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award-winning play by David Mamet. Starring Al Pacino, Jack Lemmon, Alec Baldwin, Ed Harris, Alan Arkin, Kevin Spacey and Jonathan Pryce, the movie focuses upon two days in the lives of four real estate agents and their response when the company's corporate headquarters attempts to motivate sales by announcing that in one week, all but the top two salesmen in the office will be fired. The title of the movie is based on the names of two real estate developments being promoted by the company – Glengarry Highlands and Glen Ross Farms.

The movie is excellent at portraying the challenges and dilemmas employees face when put under extreme pressure. The company's reward system almost ensures that wrongdoing will take place. Instead of working together, the salesmen work against each other to look after their own interests. With limited support from an unsympathetic boss, the salesmen resort to petty infighting, backstabbing, and eventually fraudulent behavior by the competing salesmen. Much of the movie revolves around a burglary in the office. Someone has stolen the good leads on prospective customers, and it is likely the leads were sold to a rival firm. There are many possibilities as to who the thief or thieves may be. The robbery also escalates the tension in the movie. Students who have viewed this movie in class have commented that the contest reminds them of the corporate culture at Enron. Enron instituted a “rank and yank” promotion system, in which the highest performers were rewarded, the lowest fired, and the middle ranks warned to either reach the higher echelon of the company or face future termination. The Enron system created a culture of greed and paranoia, much like the situation chronicled in Glengarry Glen Ross.

Glengarry Glen Ross also provides a wide spectrum of ethical archetypes. All the characters fall within a continuum of rule bending and rule breaking. Some are criminal while others are simply unethical. There are no “good guys” in the movie, but some are more good than others. Al Pacino's character uses his charisma to charm clients into deals that are not as they appear. Kevin Spacey's character looks after his own position in the firm and provides no leadership. Alec Baldwin delivers a motivational speech from headquarters that is part Knute Rockne and part Attila the Hun. Alan Arkin, Ed Harris, and Jack Lemmon play weak characters without a moral compass and no ethical backbone. Thus, the movie provides ethical issues within and between all the levels of the company.

The other excellent contribution of the movie to classroom discussion is the dialogue. David Mamet is perhaps the best screenwriter in capturing the way people actually talk and then portraying it on the screen. Mamet spent months in a sales office observing the rapid pace of conversations among business people, in order to ensure the authenticity of his script. The movie makes the viewers feel they are participating in the conversations as the characters plot how they will win this twisted contest. Students have the opportunity to describe how they would have responded if faced with the same situations. The movie brings reality and complexity to classroom discussions in ways that are not always captured in traditional written cases.

Other People's Money (1991, 101 minutes)

Other People's Money, based on the off-Broadway comedy by Jerry Steiner, portrays the  hostile takeover of New England Wire & Cable by corporate raider Garfield Industries. Starring Danny Devito as Lawrence Garfield (a.k.a. “Larry the Liquidator”), president of Garfield Industries, Gregory Peck as Andrew Jorgenson, chairman of New England Wire and Cable, and Penelope Ann Miller as Kate Sullivan, Jorgenson's stepdaughter and attorney brought in to help defend the company against the takeover.

New England Wire and Cable is a debt-free corporation located in Rhode Island which was founded and managed by two generations of the Jorgenson family. Unfortunately, the market value of the company's common stock is less that the underlying value of its assets and although several of its divisions are profitable, its wire and cable division is unprofitable and supported by the other divisions. This leads to the takeover attempt by Garfield Industries. As Sullivan engages in various tactics to defend against the takeover, a romantic attraction evolves between her and Garfield. The story culminates in a proxy fight and impassioned and colorful speeches by Jorgenson and Garfield at the company's annual shareholders' meeting. Ultimately, Garfield prevails and the wire and cable division is closed For Garfield, making money is a game – a game he loves to play. Ultimately, he must choose between his love for Sullivan and his love of money. Among his memorable quotes in the movie is (DVD Scene 8):

“You make as much money for as long as you can. Whoever has the most when he dies, wins. Look, it's the American way. I'm doing my job. I'm a capitalist. I'm simply following the law of free enterprise.”

Other People's Money is a story that combines colorful personalities, suspense, greed, comedy, and romance. Chan, Weber and Johnson (1995) describe in detail how the movie can be used as case study in corporate restructuring, business ethics, social responsibilities of the firm, capital structure policy, and corporate takeovers. They present a list of discussion questions on capital structure, takeovers, and the legal aspects of takeovers that can be used after the first 30 minutes of the movie and a list of questions related to social responsibility versus shareholder wealth maximization that can be used to discuss the speeches by Jorgenson and Garfield and the proxy fight at the annual shareholders' meeting.

Graham and Kocher (1995) also describe how Other People's Money can be used as a case study of corporate restructuring and related ethical issues, including free enterprise, stakeholder interest, and gender stereotypes. They offer post-movie questions to stimulate thought and discussion of these issues.

Rogue Trader (1999, 102 minutes)

Rogue Trader tells the story of how futures trader Nick Leeson (portrayed by Ewan McGregor) brought down the world's first merchant bank and one of Britain's oldest financial institutions, 200-year old Barings Bank. Based on Leeson's (1996) book, Rogue Trader: How I Brought Down Barings Bank and Shook the Financial World, it is a story of greed and high risk trading.

After working in Baring's Jakarta, Indonesia office, Leeson is transferred to Singapore as Barings' trading manager on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). He quickly rises to become one of Barings' best traders. Or is he? He begins to incur increasingly larger losses that he hides in an error account. Unfortunately, Barings' executives in London have in place weak control systems to mange their traders and are unaware of Leeson's mounting losses which eventually exceed £800 million. When his high risk gambles fail to recover the losses, he and his wife escape to Indonesia, where they learn that Barings has gone bankrupt. Knowing that he will be arrested, they decide to return to London, but Leeson is apprehended during a stopover in Frankfurt, Germany and subsequently extradited to Singapore for trial and prison.

The movie illustrates one of the most mundane topics taught in business schools -- the employment of proper (i.e. strong) organizational and accounting controls. Students are often aware of how firms become insolvent due to poor strategic decisions, inappropriate capital structures, unanticipated external shocks, or other reasons; however, they are less likely to fully grasp the a firm's vulnerability to individuals when they are given the “freedom” to bet the firm as was the case with Nick Leeson. As has become apparent over the past 18 months with the collapse of Bear Sterns, the liquidation of Lehman Brothers, and the bailouts of AIG, Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac, companies are vulnerable to risky bets made by legitimate as well as fraudulent trades in financial instruments. Rogue Trader presents a compelling example of how quickly aggressive financial bets can spiral out of control, causing the trader to push the bounds of legal behavior.

Wall Street (1987, 125 minutes)

Probably the best known of the movies reviewed in this paper is Oliver Stone's Wall Street, a classic story of power and greed. It is the story of how an ambitious young stock broker Bud Fox, portrayed by Charlie Sheen, schemes to become successful by winning legendary corporate raider Gorden Gekko (portrayed by academy award winner Michael Douglas) as a client. Fox ultimately achieves his objective by divulging insider information about his father's employer, Bluestar Airlines. Fox succeeds, but at a high price as he is lured into the Gekko's unscrupulous world of wealth, power and profit at any cost. Fox is eventually arrested for violating federal securities (insider trading) laws. The movie culminates with Fox confronting Gekko and recording their conversation, thereby providing the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) with evidence of Gekko's complicity in their insider trading.

One of the most memorable and often-quoted scenes of the movie occurs when Gekko delivers his “greed is good” speech at the shareholders' meeting of one of his hostile takeover targets, Teldar Paper (DVD Scene 12):

“The new law of evolution in corporate America seems to be the survival of the un-fittest. Well, in my book, you either do it right or you get eliminated. In the last seven deals that I've been involved with, there were 2.5 million stockholders who have made a pretax profit of $12 billion. Thank you. I am not a destroyer of companies. I am a liberator of them. The point is, ladies and gentlemen, that greed, for lack of a better word, is good. Greed is right. Greed works. Greed clarifies, cuts through and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit. Greed, in all its forms – greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge – has marked the upward surge of mankind and greed – you mark my words – will not only save Teldar Paper, but that other malfunctioning corporation called the U.S.A.”

The real world counterpart of this speech is arbitrageur and convicted inside trader Ivan Boesky's 1986 commencement address at the University of California. As reported by Stewart (1991, p. 223):

“'Greed is good, by the way,' he said, raising his eyes from his text and continuing with what seemed genuinely extemporaneous remarks. 'I want you to know that. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself.' The crowd burst into spontaneous applause as students laughed and looked at each other knowingly.”

The use of the movie Wall Street as a “live case” and springboard for classroom discussion of insider trading and ethical issues related to takeovers and corporate restructuring is described by Dyl (1991) and Beldon (1992). Dyl (1991) provides discussion questions and suggests 15 stopping points during the movie to discuss issues related to legal, ethical and other issues. Alternatively, he suggests that the movie could be shown in two parts as a visual version of an “A” case (after the first 70 minutes) and a “B” case (remaining last 56 minutes), an approach he finds to be somewhat more effective. Another alternative, of course, is for students to watch the movie in its entirety, an approach that minimizes distractions and maintains the momentum of the story. Beldon (1992) suggests various readings that can be assigned and discussed prior to viewing the movie.

Wall Street can also be used to provide rich context for illustrating and understanding the role of mentorship – both good and bad – in the workplace in ways that traditional lectures and case studies cannot. The academic and consulting literature has expounded on the value of corporate mentoring to help recruit and retain talent (see Messmer, 2003 and Wing, 2009, for example), yet this film demonstrates the downside of corporate mentoring. the Bud Fox has the option of three mentors – his father (portrayed by Martin Sheen), Lou Manheim (an older and more conservative broker in his firm portrayed by Hal Holbrook), and Gordon Gekko. Unfortunately, he chooses the charismatic Gekko who relishes the opportunity of molding his young protégé in his own image. Bud quickly learns how to get ahead in the financial industry. He observes Gekko violating every norm of civilized society in order to accumulate wealth. Gekko sponsors Fox, introduces him to powerful people, and assigns tasks which he successfully completes. Through observation and experience, Fox achieves success and begins to accumulate wealth. That Fox idolizes his mentor is vividly seen at the end of Gekko's “greed is good” speech. As he returns to his seat, Gekko smirks at Fox who smiles as if in a trance. If he were a puppy dog, Fox's tail would be wagging rapidly in rapture.

It is only when Gekko betrays him that Fox begins to understand the perils of trusting an unethical mentor. But Fox has learned well. He responds by betraying Gekko to the SEC.

THE BENEFITS OF MOVIES IN THE CLASSROOM

Whether fictional (such as Wall Street, Boiler Room, Glengarry Glen Ross, and Other People's Money) or based upon actual events (such as Barbarians at the Gate, Rogue Trader, and Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room), movies capture students' attention, provoke thought, and stimulate discussion. As previously discussed, these movies can be used to bring a variety of business and finance topics alive in ways that textbooks and lectures cannot. Table 1 lists the seven movies and the various business and finance topics that can used as “live cases” to illustrate and stimulate discussion.

--- Table 1 about here ---

The question which all university instructors face each and every time they enter a classroom is: how do I make today's lesson meaningful (i.e., real) for my students? For business faculty, this may take the form of simulating the discussions top executives go through prior to announcing a potential merger, business-line managers contemplating “killing” the heretofore ballyhooed launch into lucrative emerging market, or investment bankers contemplating the “right” price to set an IPO. In each case, and in most cases, the instructor needs to create or refer to an external context in which to ground the learning. We submit that grounding the learningwith pertinent movies act as a highly effective way to facilitate these contexts. There are two primary benefits for employing films in the classroom:

1. Bring From Abstract to Real. The principle benefit of using films in the classroom is that it permits instructors to make abstract concepts – such as agency theory, corporate governance, core competencies, and corporate culture – real. Take for instance corporate governance, one of the most important functions of modern day corporations. There are a couple ways to facilitate a discussion on corporate governance with undergraduates. First, you can identify colossal failures such Enron, WorldCom, and more recently AIG and Lehman Brothers and assign texts, case studies and recent articles to read. After absorbing these readings, the class can discuss important breakdowns in the corporate governance such as empire building, weak board of directors, poorly aligned compensation packages, and plain old executive hubris, which led to the firm's failure. Although enlightening, it is difficult to for students to relate with the executives, board members, and regulatory agencies which failed their shareholders. A second approach is to individualize the corporate governance function so it relates to what students do. One method is to play a “what if” game related to an upcoming assignment or exam. For example, what if the students had the ability to choose a representative to take their next test for the course? Who would the student choose and how would the student ensure that the proxy test taker would achieve optimal performance? Although this method is very stimulating to the students, and a good way to talk about the separation of management and ownership, it has limitations of actually modeling a corporate governance event. Here is where the movie method adds value in the class room. After establishing the basics of corporate governance through readings and other tools, the instructor can show a film depicting governance in action. We submit that undergraduate students are better able to relate to the characters in a film than they are to the “real” executives in a written case or article.

2. Bring From Complex to Simple. In addition to being abstract, many business concepts are equally complex. Practices such as due diligence, Six Sigma, supply chain management and intangible assets are difficult to simplify through the reading of texts, cases studies and current articles. For example, Six Sigma has or is currently being implemented by many firms in a variety of industries ranging from manufacturing to financial services, and in a variety of corporate functions from research and development (R&D) to supply chain management. Again, most instructors lay the ground work of Six Sigma by having their undergraduates read texts or books such as Pyzdek's (2003) The Six Sigma Handbook, and supplement these readings with case studies. While students absorb the workings of Six Sigma – the basic tenets, the appropriate way to implement a program, and the benefits to the organization – they still have difficulty relating to the managers and employees going through this process. Here is where a movie can add value. For example, there is a scene from Cast Away (2000) which depicts a FedEx systems analyst (portrayed by Tom Hanks) cajoling a team of package handlers in Moscow, Russia to implement a leaner work flow. Although not addressing Six Sigma directly, the scene simplifies the steps firms must take in order to implement a more complex corporate program as Six Sigma. Using movies also fits well with an emerging tendency in both ethics scholarship and pedagogy to use narrative to teach ethics (George, 2005). In part, this is associated with the resurgence of interest in virtue ethics, where the object of ethical evaluation is character rather than action. Literary narrative is well-suited to conveying ideas about character. However, even outside the virtue ethics context, where the object of evaluation is the moral propriety of particular actions, stories can do good job of conveying the texture and nuance of ethical decisions.

In Other People's Money, when the shareholders are weighing the arguments presented by Jorgenson and Garfield, at New England Wire and Cable's annual shareholders' meeting, they are forced to confront a host of normatively charged ideas and emotions. Jorgenson appeals to virtues like loyalty and compassion. Are these traits of character to which the individual shareholders aspire and, if so, how does that bear on the decision they are about to make? He also draws on the values of community and tradition. What do we stand for as Americans? What is required if we are to keep faith with those who brought us to this level of prosperity? Then there are more straightforward utilitarian calculations – straightforward in what they involve but not in execution. If the wire and cable division is closed the consequences will be significant and dire for many families. On the other side, Garfield has a consequentialist story to tell as well. If we look to the broader consequences we will recognize that it is the engine of unfettered capitalism that has produced the prosperity we now enjoy – prosperity that has lifted all boats. The proposed takeover is simply that engine in operation. But Garfield poses another ethical contrast as well. It is the fundamental contrast in all ethical debate – the contrast between the legitimate pursuit of my self-interest and my obligations to others. How does what we owe to one another constrain what I can reasonably pursue for myself? All of these issues are fundamental to business ethics. Embodiment in the narrative of Other People's Money brings them forward in a particularly compelling way.

The appeal to narrative has been particularly influential in practical ethics (Charon and Montello, 2002) where it dovetails with another tendency in practical ethics – the focus on case studies. The case study approach resembles the development of common law in legal judgment. The idea is to identify a series of clear and uncontroversial cases which can then be used, through a kind of triangulation, to resolve murkier cases. As the overall conceptual landscape becomes clear, guiding principles can be extracted from the case analysis. These principles can then be deployed in new situations. Not surprisingly, films can be a very effective means of presenting cases. When the case study method is used, whether in business ethics, medical ethics, or any of the other branches of applied ethics, the cases are usually short descriptions of situations, often no more than one or two paragraphs in length. Almost invariably, the discussion is constrained by the under-description of the case. The richness of texture and detail required for ethical judgment is hard to provide in a brief description. In fact, in many ways description does not seem to be the right vehicle at all. Narrative – storytelling – is often a more effective way to supply the requisite context, detail and emotional fidelity. Again, Other People's Money illustrates the point. The downside, of course is that it takes more time to develop a case and thus, fewer cases can be examined. In this respect, movies have an advantage over written narrative. There is a final tendency in contemporary ethics, once again most clearly exemplified in practical ethics, that finds a natural home in film. This is the tendency toward ethical pluralism. An ethical theory is monistic if it determines the rightness or wrongness of actionson the basis of a single principle. Utilitarianism is a classic example. There is only one principle – the principle of utility – relevant to determining moral obligation. Suppose you are trying to determine which of two acts (A or B) you ought to perform. There are only three possibilities: (1) A creates more utility than B, (2) B creates more utility than A, or (3) A and B create equal amounts of utility. If the first is true you ought to do A; if the second is true you ought to do B; if the third is true you have no moral obligations regarding the choice between A and B. One of the striking, and historically attractive, features of moral monism is that it leaves no room for genuine moral dilemmas – situations in which there are legitimate moral considerations that support doing A and equally legitimate, but conflicting, moral considerations that support doing B. An ethical theory is pluralistic if it is not monistic, that is, if it adopts more than one principle for determining moral obligation. Pluralism is contentious and cannot de defended here, but this much can be said: the prevailing tendency in practical ethics is to adopt some form of pluralistic analysis (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009). This reflects the fact that moral dilemmas – understood in terms of the pull of conflicting moral intuitions or demands – pervade our actual lives, a fact that story-telling can effectively bring to life in a dramatic powerful way. Once again, this points to an important pedagogical role for film. Like the other areas of practical ethics, business ethics confronts its share of moral dilemmas. What do you do as a shareholder in New England Wire and Cable? Film can be a useful tool for bringing these dilemmas to life and, in the process, enhancing the fidelity with which our ethical analyses track the realities of actual ethical experience.

One might question whether Hollywood movies are an appropriate use of class time. It can be argued that watching a movie is a passive activity and does not attain learning objectives. However, we have found movies to be a very practical tool for stimulating classroom discussion and engaging students. Perhaps the best learning environment for students to enter would be to expose them to scenarios in the real world. However, it is not always feasible to take students to real world settings or to coordinate proper involvement from outside experts. Thus, movies offer a convenient way to address the many subtleties found in ethical dilemmas. The authors have found that over the years each class that watches a movie offers new insights that were overlooked with past viewings. Additionally, professors can compile these observations over the years and include them in discussions. Also, as times change and new issues become prevalent in society, the interpretation of the movie often changes as well. While the authors support traditional learning methodologies, we have found that movies are a valuable asset to have in our teaching toolkit.

Student feedback from using Barbarians at the Gate in their finance courses has been reported by Kester (2008) and Nofsinger (1995). They asked students to indicate their level of agreement with closed-end statements based upon a five-point scale ranging from 1 for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree. Kester reported that students thought that watching the movie was time well spent (rating of 4.53), a rating that was similar to the 4.45 based on the same question and scale reported by Nofsinger (1995). They disagreed with the statement that Hollywood movies are not an effective use of class time (rating of 1.50) and the statement that the film and readings failed to bring the financial issues into a real world setting (rating of 1.35). The latter result is similar to the rating of 1.60 reported for the same question by Nofsinger (1995).

Beldon (1992) also reported positive student feedback from using the movie Wall Street in her finance course. Using the same five-point scale to rate closed-end statements, she found that students thought that watching the movie was time well spent (rating of 4.16) and that the movie was useful for bringing the issues to light in a “real world” setting (rating of 4.37).

AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH: FILM CLIPS

As previously noted, time in the classroom is a valuable commodity to instructors; they must closely manage how they use classroom time in order optimize their students' learning experience. To address these constraints and to placate academics critical of the use of fulllength movies as a teaching tool, we offer an alternative. In lieu of using entire films to facilitate learning, instructors could use individual, stylized movie or television “clips” to demonstrate important finance and business management concepts. There are three clear benefits to teaching with film clips versus full-length movies. First, unlike full-length movies, movie clips are shorter in duration (usually three to five minutes), and usually only focus on one or two pertinent topics. Their short duration provides greater opportunity for subsequent class discussion and topic development. Used in conjunction with other learning media, clips can enhance the broader understand of a topic, demonstrating different points of view than the monolithic view of a feature film. For example, using clips from multiple movies provide a broader point of view than just showing one movie in its entirety (Champoux, 2006). Thus, there is an inherent advantage of using clips rather than an entire film because it conveys multiple views – organizational culture, rationale (i.e. economic and psychological), processes, mechanisms, etc. – concerning the topic of interest.

In addition to presenting multiple views, showing clips allow instructors to edit out much of the Hollywood “fluff” of a feature film, such as the obligatory romantic angles, chase and crash scenes, as well as family issues, personal trauma and other character-driven story lines. This “fluff” tends to distract students from the topic of interest and the core learning to be gained in the film. We all understand that producing films is a money-making venture, and that most if not all movies have elements that “sell tickets” rather than inform viewers. By playing only a movie clip, instructors can keep the students focused on the pertinent topic reinforcing the learning objective; instead of giving the students the opportunity of drifting off into the story. Stated differently, short clips help keep students on point (Champoux, 2001).

Lastly, employing clips as part of a multi-faceted teaching method creates a natural break for the class, which permits students to refocus their attention on the topic and the instructor to reenergize the learning process. As we noted from the outset of this paper, smart laymen and educators alike have recognized entertainment's proper place within the education process; you do not have to be Marshall McLuhan to appreciate how “edutainment” has become a complementary model for communicating various instructional media and venues (Stoll, 1999). The simple truth is that most business and finance topics are complex, especially for undergraduate students to absorb, and that many instructors would like the ability to “lighten” the density of the topics they are facilitating in the classroom. The film clip teaching method allows instructors to gain the benefit of a focused method of presenting the material, while unleashing the inherent intricacy of the material they must teach to undergraduate students (Champoux, 2001).

Of course there is a downside to employing movie clips in the classroom. First, instructors  must take time to “catch the class up” concerning the story arc leading into the film clip to be shown. This task is made more difficult when the majority of the instructor's students have never seen the movie. In fact, it is likely that a number of movies, especially those predating 2000, such as 1987's Wall Street or 1991'2 Other People's Money, may be completely foreign to undergraduate students. Many of “The Great Movies” noted by Roger Ebert (2002, 2006) such as 12 Angry Men, Do the Right Thing, The Godfather, Network, and The Shawshank Redemption can be used to enhance the learning process in the classroom. However, almost every movie on Ebert's Great Movie list would at best get a vague memory recall from today's undergraduate students. Thus, when using older movies (strange to think anything made before 2000 is old), which for many instructors makes up the core of their film library, instructors will need to dedicate several minutes to explain to the class the context of the clip.

The second weakness of the clip teaching method originates from the first weakness. Even after setting the context of the clip, it still may be difficult for the instructor to completely explain the clip to students who do not have the context developed in the full length movie. Because clips are generally only three to five minutes in duration, there is very little opportunity for character development, which inhibits students from fully comprehending the knowledge, motives, and actions of the relevant characters in the scene. For example, an excellent clip to demonstrate intra-industry cooperation and mutual forbearance is a scene from The Godfather; the five controlling families of the New York Mafia (firms within the industry) negotiate a return to “peace” ( return to greater cooperation/collusion) after a damaging escalation of competition (a “war” in which rivals were killed). The scene clearly demonstrates how difficult it is to maintain intra-industry cooperation and mutual forbearance, especially in the presence of new entrants. However, much of the back story –the origins of the collusive behavior and the personalities of the important characters – is not easily apparent, and some students may not fully comprehend the interplay between the key participants developed in the full length movie, even after a thorough lead-in to the scene.

Although there are flaws in using the film clip teaching method in the classroom, the benefits greatly exceed the apparent weaknesses. Below we conclude this section by providing a brief overview of three movie clips that can be used to effectively demonstrate important finance and business management topics.

A League of Their Own (1992)

The movie A League of Their Own, directed by Penny Marshall, is based upon a story that chronicles the rise and fall of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) during World War II. The movie begins with Walter Harvey (portrayed by Garry Marshall), a candy manufacturing magnate and creator of the new women's baseball league, sending a talent scout Ernie Capadino ( portrayed by Jon Lovitz) scouring the country looking for female baseball players to fill the rosters of the league. At first the league attracts little interest, but over time attendance grows. The league becomes a success following a favorable write-up in Life Magazine after the leagues star player Dottie Hinson (portrayed by Geena Davis) makes a spectacular catch behind home plate while doing s split.

DVD Scene 29: In this scene, which lasts about three minutes, Walter Harvey congratulates Ira Lowenstein (portrayed by David Strathairn), the head of public relations for the (AAGPBL), for the great work he has done making the league a success. Despite the success, Harvey informs Lowenstein that he plans to shut down the league after the season because of the impending end of World War II and the expected re-emergence of men's baseball. A shocked Lowenstein retorts in two ways. First, he is outraged that Harvey would be so callous as to let the “girls” go, not even acknowledging the hard work and long hours the players put in to make the league successful. Second, he implores Harvey to see the value in the league – “I sold your product when there was no product, this is a product” – and asks permission to take over the league, even as all the team owners agree to shut it down.

Teaching Objective: This clip addresses important finance and business management business topics: stakeholder management, business ethics, and strategic analysis of the external environment. Shutting down the league and dismissing the women players was a clear indication that capital market stakeholders had greater claims than the organizational stakeholders (Hoskisson, Hitt, & Ireland, 2004). Was it ethical of Mr. Harvey and his fellow owners to entice the women to relocate to play in the league, only to shut down the league and release them without proper notice? The message is that management must balance the needs of each stakeholder class when making major strategic decisions such as shutting down a business unit. At the same time, the clip proffers a great example how an external shock (World War II) creates business opportunities for firms to enter new markets and profit from pent up or latent customer demand. The opportunity of the AAGPBL existed solely because of the war, which the teamowners recognized. Once the shock subsided (the war wound down), conditions returned to the pre-war state. This is an excellent case of understanding external environmental trends that are mere blips, versus ones that are longer in duration.

Cast Away (2000)

The movie Cast Away, based upon a screenplay written by veteran American screenwriter William Boyles Jr., chronicles the struggles faced by FedEx systems analyst Chuck Noland (portrayed by Tom Hanks), when he is stranded on a remote, uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific. Prior to being stranded on the remote island, Noland was sent to Moscow to “fix” FedEx's processing center.

DVD Scene 2: In this memorable scene, which lasts about six minutes, Noland tries to get his Russian employees to embrace the FedEx way; he wants them to become as time-obsessed as all good FedEx employees because the clock is “the evil taskmaster” that threatens FedEx's very existence. Noland cajoles his new Russian employees with a clever illustration. Prior to coming to Moscow, Noland ships a FedEx package to himself in Russia. When Noland reveals the contents of the package, a clock, and that it has taken eighty eight hours to ship this clock from Memphis, USA to Moscow, Russia, he berates them by asking “what if instead of a clock, it was your pay checks?” Noland's message is clear, the old Soviet ways of doing business are dead and buried.

Teaching Objective: The clip reveals the challenges confronting firms in the wake of two powerful forces in business: globalization and corporate culture. One method of setting the scene is to ask the class how doing business in Memphis is different than doing it in Moscow. Globalization is a reality and firms competing in almost every industry must either adapt their Western business practices to the local population, or orient their new global employees to the ways of the firm. Here the importance of corporate culture becomes evident. Noland not only is working against the existing Russian culture (i.e. old Soviet culture), but must also have these cynical employees embrace the hard-driving, FedEx corporate culture. This scene gets students to start thinking about the many challenges of translating well-known business practices across global business units.

In Good Company (2004)

The movie In Good Company, written and directed by Paul Weitz, chronicles the fall of a seasoned advertisement sales executive Dan Foreman (portrayed by Dennis Quaid) when he gets demoted following the merger of his company, Sports America, with a more aggressive company, Globecom. Foreman is replaced by the naïve Carter Duryea (portrayed by Topher Grace), his new boss who is half his age (and, in true Hollywood style, also sleeping with his daughter, Alex, portrayed by Scarlett Johansson). The merger is predicated upon a sales approach labeled Synergy, which Duryea preaches to his new team at Sports America, a high ranking sports publication. However, Foreman resists what he perceives to be smoke and mirrors strategy from a recent business school graduate because he is skeptical that it will deliver better results than his previous, old-school style.

DVD Scene 18: In this scene, which lasts about six minutes, Teddy K, (portrayed by Malcolm McDowell) Globecom CEO and the architect of this merger and the advocate of Synergy, comes to address the troops at Sports America and preach how he has built Globecom to become a new country which will conquer a more globalized world. Upon hearing the benefits of Synergy between Globecom's computer business and Sports America, Foreman chuckles out loud, and is made to explain himself. In refreshing honesty, Foreman questions the wisdom of Synergy publicly in front of Teddy K and the entire Sports America staff. Despite the rising tension in the room, Teddy K does not admonish Foreman for his disbelief, but challenges the team to answer Foreman's poignant questions.

Teaching Objective: For those who teach topics on mergers & acquisitions (M&A), from strategic fit and due diligence to implementation and integration, this movie is truly a gold mine. In fact, there are many scenes within the film that address pertinent finance and business topics ranging from downsizing as a response to “over paying” for an acquisition to coming in as an “outsider” to build the post-merger team. In this particular scene, the discussion tends to focus on two things. First, the synergy justification for the merger, what is the strategic fit bringing together companies with vastly different core competencies, products and customers. Is it wise to trumpet a section on computers in a SportsAmerica magazine issue? Because many M&A's end up being value destroying, this scene makes that reality come to life. Second, and along those lines, the discussion moves towards how difficult it is to integrate two companies after the merger is announced. What is made clear by Teddy K's non-response to Foreman's difficult question is how corporate executives generally fail to appreciate the hard work of meshing two disparate organizations. In fact, what we find is that the difficult work is made by the line managers trying to keep the team together through the anxious uncertainties of post-merger implementation.

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

We have found that full length movies and short excerpts from movies (film clips) can be used in the classroom to bring finance and other business subjects alive in ways that that are difficult to achieve in traditional lectures and assignments. Used properly, movies or film clips can help student place learning in a broader richer context. While movies are not a substitute for traditional pedagogical tools, the complexity and richness found in the script and in the acting offers professors a way to recreate ethical dilemmas that reflect situations students may face one day. Students can bring topics covered in class and develop deeper understanding through application to a film's characters and situations. Films can create a stimulating learning environment. We encourage other professors to try this approach, and share movies they use in the future with the reading audience.

ENDNOTES

It should be noted that these seven movies are rated “R” for language and other reasons. Needless to say, instructors should review the movies to evaluate the appropriateness for their student audiences.

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