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Strain theory is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels (Agnew, 1981).

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General strain theory, crime and delinquency

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1st:Inability to achieves one's goals, as derived from previous strain theories such as Merton's 1938 Strain Theory.
2nd: Loss of positive stimuli, such as losing money, breaking up with someone, death of a family member.
3rd: Presentation of negative stimuli. Experiencing painful events and conditions that generate negative emotions and may prompt criminal coping strategies when lacking the capabilities to cope in a legal manner.
(Agnew, 2012)

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Juvenile delinquency refers to any individual under the age of 18 who fails to abide by the law

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-Good academic standing
-Parent Attachment
-Teacher Attachment
-High self-concept of school ability
-Occupation Arpisations
-Dating
-Milestones such as driving

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-Failure to achieve goals because of lack of conventional socialization
-Parental Rejection
-Erratic and Harsh Discipline
-Child abuse and neglect
-Negative school experiences
-Criminal Victimization
_Youth Homelessness
-Discrimination based on race, sex, status, sexual orientation
(Froggio, 2007)

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Becuase juvenile records are not as easy to locate, the most recent statistics come from the late 1900's.
It's estimated that 7,100 juvenile defendants were charged with felonies in adult criminal court in 1998.
-In 64% of those cases, were more likely than adults to receive a violent felony charge.
-62% of these juvenile defendants were Black, 20% White, 16% Hispanic and almost 2% of another race.
-This leaves room for discussion of how differently socialized areas may play a part.

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Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

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Murder, rape, arson, motor vehicle theft, drug and alcohol use and abuse and larceny-theft, vandalism, truancy, assault, use of a weapon, disorderly conduct and others.

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Goal-seeking juveniles who can achieve their set goals will not seek out pain-avoidance as they have the ability to reach goals through legitimate channels. They do not need to rely on finding new ways to reach those goals as delinquents do.

Pain-Avoidance juveniles, as studied by Robert Agnew, will shower higher amounts of delinquency. Those in aversive environments, maybe a neglectful home or having an absent parent, will show a strong tie to delinquency, especially when they cannot escape the environment. Agnew focuses on this group.

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Agnew claims there are adaptations to objective strains, but they are not equally available to all.
A)Objective strain affects goals that are high in relative important
B) Individual coping resources such as intelligence, temperament,m problem solving skills, self efficacy and self-esteem. All may vary and influence which coping strategies are used.
C)Conventional social support is important to facilitate coping. Without parents, teachers, peers, etc., supplying support then they may turn to pain avoidance as coping method.
D) Cost and Benefits not equally weighed out and thought out by juvenile. Illegitimate means necessary for delinquency are focused on.
(Froggio, 2007)

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It is apparent that a multitude of factors influence a juveniles involvement in offending. When they come from a lower socioeconomic household, have neglectful or absent parents, are not successful in school activities and in the curriculum, and are unable to meet many of the normal goals, they may turn to delinquency to cope.

General Strain Theory can be narrowed down to explain why many individuals choose to engage in delinquent acts when they cannot achieve the same goals as their peers. Substituting alternative methods, delinquent ones especially, give insight into how some goals may need to be adjusted to help more juveniles achieve them.