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Carlos III of Spain was born in Madrid on January 20, 1716.

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He was Duke of Parma and Plasencia between 1731 and 1735, King of Naples and King of Sicily from 1734 to 1759 and of Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788.

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After the deaths of Luis I and Fernando VI without descendants, the throne of Spain passed to Carlos III, third son of Felipe V and first of his marriage with Isabel Farnese.

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The first issue the king addressed was the Seven Years' War. The Spanish monarch was forced to take part in the war after the British occupation of Honduras and the loss of the French colony of Quebec, which required Spanish intervention in the conflict to stop British expansionism for America.

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American War of Independence (1776-1783)

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American War of Independence (1776-1783)

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Spain continued the French alliance. The uprising of the Thirteen Colonies against George III gave both powers the opportunity for revenge. Thus, in the United States' War of Independence, Spain intervened alongside France and against Great Britain.

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Carlos III had signed a trade treaty with the Ottoman Empire being king of Naples and Sicily. The Monarch excluded an alliance that he considered would not be well received in the country, with the double objective of freeing the sea from Barbary pirates and obtaining economic concessions. After two attacks, in 1783 and 1784, the Hispano-Algerian Treaty of 1786 was signed.

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In various areas of the Pacific Ocean, the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Viceroyalty of New Spain had the authorization of King Carlos III to expand Spanish power and consolidate it in the Great Ocean.

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The Monarch appointed the Marquis of Esquilache Secretary of the Treasury, and at the same time liberalized the grain trade, which led to a rise in the prices of basic necessities due to speculations by hoarders and poor harvests of the last years.

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With the foreign ministers gone, the king leaned on the Spanish reformists. Campomanes tried to show that the true inducers of the Esquilache mutiny had been the Jesuits. A commission of inquiry was appointed and its main accusations were:

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-It´s great riches.
-Control of appointments and ecclesiastical policy.
-Your support for the pope.
-His loyalty to the Marquis de la Ensenada.
-His participation in the affairs of Paraguay.
-His intervention in said riot.

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Distribution of the population of Spain by current provinces according to the Floridablanca census (1787). During the reign of Carlos III, the need to increase the nation's population was a constant concern.

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Detail of the equestrian statue of Carlos III in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid.

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It decreased in number, due to the disappearance of the noblemen in the censuses due to the restrictive measures towards this group by the king. It represented 4% of the total population.

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The Church possessed great wealth. Being the clergy 2% of the population.

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It was the largest group. Artisans represented 15% of total wage earners and had better wages than peasants.

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King Carlos III promoted art and crafts with the creation of numerous royal manufactures: as King of Naples he founded the Royal Laboratory of Hard Stones of Naples (1737), the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples (1737), the Royal Factory of Porcelains from Capodimonte (1743) and the Royal Majolica Factory of Caserta (1753). Later, as Carlos III of Spain, he founded the Real Laboratory of Mosaics and Hard Stones of Buen Retiro (1759), the Real Fábrica de Porcelana del Buen Retiro (1759), the Real Fábrica de Platería Martínez (1778) and the Real Fábrica de Watches (1788).

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Since the failure of the Great Raid in 1749, the gypsies were in a very problematic situation. Finally substantiated in the Royal Pragmatic of September 19, 1783, with clearly assimilating and utilitarian purposes, after said pragmatic, its origin is no longer considered; The use of the names gypsy or new Castilian is prohibited.

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When the king died in 1788, the history of enlightened reformism in Spain ended, as the almost immediate outbreak of the French Revolution the following year provoked a reaction of terror that turned the reign of his son and successor, Charles IV, into a very long period. more conservative.

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Perhaps it is necessary to highlight the progress towards the configuration of Spain as a nation, which it endowed with some symbols of identity (such as those that in the future would become its national anthem and flag). He strove to modernize Madrid and magnify it with monuments. These are just some of the reasons why Carlos III was known as the "best Mayor of Madrid."

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He married in 1737 with María Amalia de Sajonia (1724-1760), daughter of Federico Augusto II. They had thirteen children, but only seven reached adulthood.

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He died on December 14, 1788 at the age of 72 in
Madrid. He was buried in the Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial.