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- Literature of the Anglophone Countries
- Culture of Anglophone Countries

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- Martinez Ninahuaman Maria
- Walfor Tipanqui Ademir

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-VALERIA VILLARROEL AGUILAR
- MIGUEL MARCOS FRANCIA

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The Celts were a group of tribes that lived in the central and western part of Europe. Among them they shared similar customs and languages. They were very skilled at working with iron and excellent horsemen. The Celts were a polytheistic people and their spiritual leader was the druid who also had jurisdictional power. The banquets were a very important act, since they gave the opportunity to tell all the details of the battle.

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On the whole the Celtic chieftains of Britain adapt willingly to Roman customs and comforts. They learn to live in villas, they speak Latin, they benefit from trading links with the empire (British wheat and wool are much in demand), and they become Roman citizens. The tribal centres develop into thriving Roman towns, around the forum (market place) and basilica (town hall).

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Towns of this kind, serving as the capitals of British tribal rulers enjoying Roman support, include Winchester, Dorchester, Cirencester and Canterbury. London develops at the same period, but as a centre of trade at the focal point of the network of Roman roads. Bath, with its hot springs, becomes Britain's first resort.

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Different in kind are the essentially Roman headquarters of Chester, Caerleon and York (where Constantine is proclaimed emperor in 306). These are the permanent bases of the Roman legions in Britain. Other modern cities, including Lincoln, Colchester and St Albans, derive from Roman municipalities - founded for new settlers, such as men retiring from the legions.

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Constantine III was declared emperor by his troops in 407, and crossed the channel with the remaining units of the British garrison, Roman Britain effectively coming to an end. Britain was left defenseless, and Constantine was eventually killed in battle. In 410, the Emperor Honorius ordered the Romano-Britons to see to their own defense, although as late as the fifth century, the Romano-Britons felt they could turn to the consul Aetius for help against the invaders.

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The Anglo-Saxons were seizing Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under Cerdic around 520. However, this was fifty years before the Anglo-Saxons made their greatest advances. In the richer and more Saxonized southern region a certain primacy of the Kingdom of Wessex would certainly then arise, in the time of its king Ceawlin (c. 556-593); although in no way can attention be paid to genealogical data that later Wessic propaganda constructed to justify a certain family's hegemonic claims. This expansion came to an abrupt end when the Anglo-Saxons began to fight each other and Cealin had to retreat to his original territory.

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Charlemagne created a huge empire on the European continent, England was divided into seven kingdoms arising from Saxons, Angles and Jutes, the peoples who had invaded Britain when the Roman Empire declined.

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In the eighth century, it was the kingdom of Mercia, centered in the Midlands, that held the hegemonic position in the reigns of Æthelbald (r. 716-757), Offa (r. 757-796) and Cenwulf (r. 796- 821). The arrival of the Vikings at the end of the 8th century turned Great Britain upside down.

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By the 870s, most of England north of the Thames was already subject to the Vikings. In the winter of 878, when the Vikings finally entered the kingdom of Wessex, a decision that forced the Saxon King Alfred to flee into a swamp The monarch expelled the Vikings from his lands and founded cities that he surrounded with fortifications, as well as markets in order to collect taxes that served to maintain a permanent army and thus avoid the surprise of an attack by the terrible "thieves of the sea"

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In 937, King Atelstan, Alfred's grandson, chose to risk his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh, with an initially uncertain result, but ultimately a triumph that consolidated the members of the Saxon dynasty of Wessex as the true kings. of the English Such was the resonance of his triumph over the men of the north that the continental kingdoms had him as an example when it came to containing the Viking thrust in their lands. It was done, above all, by the Duke of Saxony, Otto the Great, who would eventually wear the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. In 929 Otto married Atelstan's sister Edith to strengthen ties with the emerging English Crown.

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In the 11th century, Britain underwent a profound and violent transformation when the invasion of the Normans, a people of Viking origin, crushed the disunited kingdoms of Saxon England. The conquest marked a true change of era, the return to a unity that had not existed since Roman times, at the cost of long and bloody wars.

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The Normans, Vikings based in Normandy, France, who had adopted French as their language, conquered England in 1066. William the Conqueror, who had claims to the English throne, defeated the Saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and was crowned king. . The Norman dynasty would come to an end with Henry I, whose death in 1135 would lead to the anarchy of England. During the last years of the 12th century, Richard I the Lionheart occupied the throne of England. This is a period of political instability. Richard I the Lionheart went to fight in the third crusade, and was taken prisoner by the Duke of Austria in 1192.

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Their union served to impose the Magna Carta on Juan Sin Tierra and forced him to comply with it, despite his attempts to repeal it. The Magna Carta was condemned and annulled by Pope Innocent III, which helped Juan Sin Tierra to prevent it from entering into force. In 1216 Juan Sin Tierra died and his son Enrique III, a minor, ascended the throne and was restored. the Magna Carta. The reign of Henry III is not brilliant either. He is defeated by the French and submits to the papacy. Henry III tried to annul the agreements with the help of the pope and Louis IX of France, but was unable to subdue the nobility, which led to a civil war. In 1265 Enrique III is restored and annuls the Parliament.

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The Hundred Years' War was an armed conflict between the kingdoms of France and England that lasted 116 years, from May 24, 1337 to October 19, 1453.​ The conflict had feudal roots, since its The purpose was to decide who would control the additional land that the English monarchs had accumulated since 1154 in French territories, after the accession to the English throne of Henry II Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. The war finally ended with the defeat of England and the consequent withdrawal of English troops from French lands.

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The War of the Roses was a civil war that pitted members and supporters of the House of Lancaster against those of the House of York intermittently between 1455 and 1487. Both families claimed the throne of England, by common origin in the House of Plantagenet, as descendants of King Edward III. The name "war of the two Roses" or "war of the Roses", alluding to the emblems of both houses, the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster, was a product of Romanticism.
The War of the Roses caused the extinction of the Plantagenets and greatly weakened the ranks of the nobility, in addition to generating great social discontent. This period marked the decline of English influence on the European continent. This war marks the end of the English Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance.

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Henry VIII Monarchy

Break with the Pope of Rome

Foundation of the Protestant Church

Execution of Anne Boleyn

reign of Edward VI

Reign of María I “La sanguinaria”

Elizabeth I, the imposing virgin queen

Anglo-Spanish War: The Invincible Armada

Elizabethan golden age

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He exercised the most absolute power of any English monarch in history and married 6 times seeking an heir, which eventually came in the third of his marriages.Henry VIII was responsible for the break with the Roman Catholic Church.

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This could not give him a male child to ensure the inheritance to the throne and for this reason he wanted to divorce her. He had already had his eye on one of the court ladies, the young Anne Boleyn.

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After the break with the Catholic Church of Rome in 1534, the Anglican Church began to take shape.
Later, already in the second half of the 16th century, the Anglican Church of England would be reinforced and consolidated by Queen Elizabeth I.

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Anne Boleyn was executed on May 19, 1536 in the Tower of London, accused of tradition, incest and adultery. Her only daughter with the king, Elizabeth Tudor, was orphaned by her mother and was declared an illegitimate daughter, although Henry VIII would later return her the title of princess.

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Following the death of Henry VIII on January 28, 1547, his heir Edward VI ascended the throne at the early age of 10. The son of Henry VIII and his third wife Joan Seymour, he was officially the first Protestant monarch of England.

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Upon Edward VI's death, his successor in line with him was his half-sister Mary with him, who brought about turbulent changes. She tried to annul the Anglican reform implanted by her father Enrique VIII and that Eduardo VI expanded. He reinstated the Catholic Church and promoted the persecution of Protestants. She ordered multiple executions, earning her the nickname (Bloody Mary in English).

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Elizabeth I was crowned in November 1558 in Westminster Abbey at the age of 25 and was queen of England and Ireland until her death in 1603. It is one of the longest reigns in the history of the country.

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Anglo-Spanish War: The Invincible Armada

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Anglo-Spanish War: The Invincible Armada

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The differences between Catholic Spain and Protestant England had become insurmountable, especially after several English corsairs like Sir Francis Drake raided Spanish ships from the New World loaded with relics. The discovery of a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I involving the Spanish and her cousin María Estuardo, later executed, also filled the camel's back.

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On a cultural level, the 16th century in England was a time of great splendor, where the Renaissance brought back the classical world. In literature, writers such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe or Thomas Wyatt stood out. The Elizabethan theater became very popular and today is a classic in English literature.

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The seventeenth century in England meant the expansion of the English Empire through the colonization of American territories, laying the foundations of the future British Empire.

Throughout this century, a hard struggle took place between two different powers that could not agree: Parliament and the Monarchy.

After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, hers her nephew the hitherto King James VI of Scotland was the successor to the throne of England.

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The position that consolidated England as a world power from a military point of view, as well as from an economic point of view, was due to the defeat of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and, in turn, in these years everything that occurred in the following century was sown with the Industrial Revolution.

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The 19th century was preceded in its entirety by Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901 when she died after 64 years, she remained in history for having starred in one of the most prosperous moments in the history of the United Kingdom, as well as as the monarch than more time on the throne of England.

England in the 19th century was a time of prosperity for the nation, it was framed by the brilliance of the Industrial Revolution, which caused great technological and economic advances.
Nineteenth-century England was cloaked in the cloak of Queen Victoria's monarchy.

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1. Britania for you. (2018, diciembre 18). Edad Moderna: El siglo XVI en Inglaterra. Recuperado el 16 de diciembre de 2022, de Britaniaforyou.com website: https://britaniaforyou.com/edad-moderna-siglo-xvi-inglaterra/

2. Britania for you. (2019, enero 17). Edad Moderna: El siglo XVII en Inglaterra. Recuperado el 16 de diciembre de 2022, de Britaniaforyou.com website: https://britaniaforyou.com/edad-moderna-siglo-xvii-inglaterra/

3. de Blas Ruiz, A. (2016, octubre 13). Heptarquía Inglesa. Recuperado el 16 de diciembre de 2022, de Archivos de la Historia | Tu página de divulgación website: https://archivoshistoria.com/heptarquia-inglesa/

4. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. (s/f). Recuperado el 16 de diciembre de 2022, de Historyworld.net website: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ac72

5. Los vikingos en Inglaterra, la guerra entre sajones y daneses. (2012, diciembre 3). National geographic. Recuperado de https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/vikingos-inglaterra-guerra-entre-sajones-y-daneses_6765

6. Ocampo, M. (2011, enero 31). Inglaterra Siglo XIX. Recuperado el 16 de diciembre de 2022, de Inglaterra website: http://www.inglaterra.net/inglaterra-siglo-xix/

7. Wikipedia contributors. (s/f). Historia de Inglaterra. Recuperado de Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia website: https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_de_Inglaterra&oldid=147794565