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Year: 1800
Location: University of Bristol, England ¹.

The artifact listed below is an excerpt from Humphrey Davy's "Researches, Chemical, and Philosophical (1800)"
This document details over eighty pages of individuals experiences utilizing laughing gas.

Humphrey Davy discovered laughing gas during his time as an apprenticed surgeon at Briston University. He personally conducted experiments on himself and colleagues inhaling this laughing gas².

This artifact is important because Davy recommended that the gas be used as an anesthetic for surgery. This recommendation was ignored by the wider scientific community³. However, it proved to be useful in the future for procedures and the detailed observations listed in the book lay the foundation for human use.

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(1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/davy_humphrey.shtml
(2) https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/the-nitrous-oxide-experiments-of-humphry-davy
(3)
https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/humphry-davy

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Crawford W. Long utilizes Ether as an anesthetic 

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Crawford W. Long utilizes Ether as an anesthetic 

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Year: 1842
Location: Jefferson Georgia

The artifact is a depiction of Dr. Crawford W.  Long utilizing ether for the first time on James Venable's cyst. This artifact is currently hanging in the Crawford W. Long museum in Jefferson.
Dr. Long decided to use ether on this patient because he noticed that when people used ether, they would attain injuries without feeling pain¹

This artifact is significant in the field of neuroscience because it lead to the Neuropharmaceutical field's understanding that ethers can be used for pain killers, as they are able to cross the blood brain barrier and can be used in surgical applications²

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(1) https://crawfordlong.org
(2)
https://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-compound/Synthesis-of-ethers

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William Morton & the first live ether procedure 

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William Morton & the first live ether procedure 

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Year: 1846
Location: Massachusetts General Hospital

This artifact is a commissioned piece by Mass General of the Ether Dome. It was created by Warren and Lucia Prosperi. The scene depicted is William Morton administering ether anesthetic to a patient who had a tumor of the jaw at the Ether Dome.¹

This artifact is significant because after the procedure took place, more than 8,000 ether procedures took place at the Ether Dome.1 Additionally, people were so awestruck that ether became popularized as an anesthetic world wide. In neuroscience, the popularization of neuroscience is significant because research on its effects on the brain have modulated how we understand the brain's pain circuitry.

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(1)
https://www.massgeneral.org/museum/exhibits/ether-dome/creating-the-ether-dome-painting

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Year: 1844
Location: Hartford, Connecticut

This artifact is the journal of Horace Wells, a dentist who discovered the application of laughing gas on the field of dentistry. Wells attended a demonstration where nitrous oxide was administered to volunteers. Wells observed that a volunteer had become injured during the demonstration, yet felt no pain. He then approached the organizer of the conference and recruited him to administer nitrous oxide to patients at his practice. The journal talks about the effects of nitrous oxide on the pain levels of patients1

This artifact holds importance in neuroscience because Horace Well's findings popularized Nitrous Oxide as a dental/medical anesthetic. Nitrous oxide regulates ligand-gated ion channels , it blocks GABA receptors, and induces norepinephrine    as well as a euphoric effect.2  These effects were later studied for their psychiatric effects.

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Carl Koller uses cocaine as an anesthetic on his eye 

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Carl Koller uses cocaine as an anesthetic on his eye 

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Year: 1884
Location: Vienna General Hospital

The artifact is bottle of cocaine, menthol and cocaine lozenges. Additionally powdered, and fluid cocaine.1 These were manufactured by Eli Lilly and Co, one of the oldest pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Carl Koller who studied with Sigmund Freud, experimented with cocaine as a local anesthetic. Ether Anesthesia was not useful for procedures of the eye due to it causing increased intraocular pressure². Koller experimented on using cocaine on both dog eyes, and his own eyes as an anesthetic. He published his findings in 1884 and it became used all across the medical world².

This artifact's implications are highly known within the field of neuroscience. The use of cocaine revolutionized anesthetics because people were afraid of using older techniques like chloroform and ether due to the potential for "eternal sleep" ³.  The popularization of cocaine for medical and recreational use in the 19th century, largely due to Koller, did not have regard for cocaine's addictive properties as a neurological stimulant on the dopamine recycling circuits.

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(1)
https://connecticuthistory.org/horace-wells-discovers-pain-free-dentistry/
(2)
https://bethesdafamilydentistry.com/how-does-nitrous-oxide-work/

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(1) https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/cocaine/

(2)
https://www.michiganradio.org/post/remembering-forgotten-ophthalmologist-who-discovered-local-anesthesia

(3)
https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/XN6XsxAAAFk1pmQ7

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Catalog Record: Cocaine

Four Catalog Records (aiuz, aiuy, aiva, aivb):

Access Key: aiuz
Accession No.: 2007-03-09-1

Title: Muriate of cocaine Boehringer [bottle] / C.F. Boehringer & Soehne.

Corporate Author: C.F. Boehringer & Soehne.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Boehringer muriate of cocaine bottle.

Publisher: Mannheim, Germany : C.F. Boehringer & Soehne, [1885-1930].

Physical Description: 1 bottle ; glass : 9.5 x 3.5 dia. cm.

Subject: Cocaine.
Subject: Coca.
Subject: Drug Packaging.
Subject: Anesthetics, Local.
Subject: Central Nervous System Stimulants.

Note Type: General
Notes: Title from manufacturer's marking plus a descriptive term.

Note Type: General
Notes: This container is empty of any original pharmaceuticals.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Fink BR. Leaves and needles: the introduction of surgical local anesthesia.
Bull Anesth Hist. 2001;19(1):7-11.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Petersen RC. History of cocaine. In: Petersen RC, Stillman RC, eds. Cocaine:
1977. Rockville, Md.: Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977:17-28.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Raj PP. Historical aspects of regional anesthesia. In: Raj PP, ed. Textbook
of Regional Anesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:7-13.

Note Type: Reproduction
Notes: Photographed by Mr. William Lyle, July 28, 2010; Photographed with 2 coca
extract or cocaine bottles and a lozenge tin (SydneyPlus Records: aiuy, aiva,
aivb).

Note Type: Historical
Notes: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the production of a wide variety
of commercial cocaine products, such as medicines, lozenges, tonics and
drinks. These products were heavily marketed to cure a plethora of ailments,
including asthma, colds, alcoholism, opiate addiction, eczema, headache and
melancholy (Petersen, 1977). One very popular drink, a wine called Vin
Mariani, was endorsed by popular actors, writers, artists, physicians, and
even Popes. A drink familiar to today's consumers, Coca Cola, was another
early cocaine containing product marketed as a " ... Brain tonic and cure for
all nervous affections ... " (Petersen, 1973).

Access Key: aiuy
Accession No.: 2004-04-20-1

Title: Menthol borate & cocaïne dragées antiseptiques [tin] / [made by] D & P.

Corporate Author: D & P.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Dragées antiseptiques menthol borate & cocaïne.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Tin for menthol borate and cocaine throat lozenges.

Publisher: [S.l.] : D & P, [1880-1912].

Physical Description: 1 tin : metal ; 3 x 8 x 5 cm.

Subject: Cocaine.
Subject: Drug Packaging.
Subject: Anesthetics, Local.
Subject: Analgesics.

Note Type: General
Notes: Title from manufacturer's marking plus a descriptive term.

Note Type: General
Notes: This container is empty of any original pharmaceuticals.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Fink BR. Leaves and needles: the introduction of surgical local anesthesia.
Bull Anesth Hist. 2001;19(1):7-11.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Petersen RC. History of cocaine. In: Petersen RC, Stillman RC, eds. Cocaine:
1977. Rockville, Md.: Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977:17-28.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Raj PP. Historical aspects of regional anesthesia. In: Raj PP, ed. Textbook
of Regional Anesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:7-13.

Note Type: Physical Description
Notes: Rectangular tin with hinged lid; On the top of the lid is a manufacture's
label with blue, yellow, green and brown colors; From the top of the label to
the bottom, markings include, "DRAGÉES [new line] ANTISEPTIQUES", in large
lettering, "MENTHOL BORATE & COCAINE", the logo for D & P with the text
"MARQUE DEPOSEE", and the claim in small lettering, "Infaillibles dans toutes
les affections de la Gorge, Laryngites, Enrouements, Pharyngites, etc."; The
tin is pained a blue and yellow gold color on its sides; On the bottom is
another label with manufacturer's markings, "AFFECTIONS DE LA GORGE [new
line] Soulagement immédiat [new line] PAR LES [new line] PRODUITS
ANESTHESIQUES ANTISEPTIQUES [new line] AU MENTHOL", the D & P logo, and
"exiger la marque"; Paint with chips, scratches, and the tin is slightly
rusted.

Note Type: Reproduction
Notes: Photographed by Mr. William Lyle, July 28, 2010; Photographed with 3 coca
extract or cocaine bottles (SydneyPlus Records: aiuz, aiva, aivb).

Note Type: Historical
Notes: The cocaine in these menthol borate and cocaine throat lozenges may have
provided some topical anesthesia or analgesia for a sore throat. The late
19th and early 20th centuries saw the production of a wide variety of
commercial cocaine products, such as medicines, lozenges, tonics and drinks.
These products were heavily marketed to cure a plethora of ailments,
including asthma, colds, alcoholism, opiate addiction, eczema, headache and
melancholy (Petersen, 1977). One very popular drink, a wine called Vin
Mariani, was endorsed by popular actors, writers, artists, physicians, and
even Popes. A drink familiar to today's consumers, Coca Cola, was another
early cocaine containing product marketed as a " ... Brain tonic and cure for
all nervous affections ... " (Petersen, 1973).

Access Key: aiva
Accession No.: 2004-12-12-1 A

Title: Coca : powdered extract no. 20 : Erythroxylon coca lam. [bottle] / Parke, Davis & Co.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Powdered extract no. 20 : coca : Erythroxylon coca lam.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Park, Davis & Co. bottle for powdered cocaine.

Publisher: Detroit, Mich. : Park, Davis & Co., [1906-1930].

Physical Description: 1 bottle ; glass, cork ; 11 x 4 dia. cm.

Subject: Cocaine.
Subject: Drug Packaging.
Subject: Anesthetics, Local.
Subject: Coca.
Subject: Central Nervous System Stimulants.

Note Type: General
Notes: Title from manufacturer's markings plus a descriptive term.

Note Type: General
Notes: This container is empty of any original pharmaceuticals.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Fink BR. Leaves and needles: the introduction of surgical local anesthesia.
Bull Anesth Hist. 2001;19(1):7-11.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Petersen RC. History of cocaine. In: Petersen RC, Stillman RC, eds. Cocaine:
1977. Rockville, Md.: Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977:17-28.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Raj PP. Historical aspects of regional anesthesia. In: Raj PP, ed. Textbook
of Regional Anesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:7-13.

Note Type: Reproduction
Notes: Photographed by Mr. William Lyle, July 28, 2010; Photographed with 2 coca
extract or cocaine bottles and a lozenge tin (SydneyPlus Records: aiuy, aiuz,
aivb).

Note Type: Historical
Notes: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the production of a wide variety
of commercial cocaine products, such as medicines, lozenges, tonics and
drinks. These products were heavily marketed to cure a plethora of ailments,
including asthma, colds, alcoholism, opiate addiction, eczema, headache and
melancholy (Petersen, 1977). One very popular drink, a wine called Vin
Mariani, was endorsed by popular actors, writers, artists, physicians, and
even Popes. A drink familiar to today's consumers, Coca Cola, was another
early cocaine containing product marketed as a " ... Brain tonic and cure for
all nervous affections ... " (Petersen, 1973).

Access Key: aivb
Accession No.: 1999-04-27-1 G

Title: Standardized fluid extract coca leaves, U.S.P. (Erythroxylon coca) [bottle] / Eli Lilly and Company.

Corporate Author: Eli Lilly and Company.

Title variation: Alt Title
Title: Lilly standardized coca fluid extract bottle.

Publisher: Indianapolis, Ind. : Eli Lilly and Company, [1905-1930].

Physical Description: 1 bottle : glass, cork ; 13.5 x 5 dia. cm.

Subject: Cocaine.
Subject: Coca.
Subject: Drug Packaging.
Subject: Anesthetics, Local.
Subject: Central Nervous System Stimulants.

Note Type: General
Notes: Title from manufacturer's markings plus a descriptive term.

Note Type: General
Notes: This container is empty of any original pharmaceuticals.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Fink BR. Leaves and needles: the introduction of surgical local anesthesia.
Bull Anesth Hist. 2001;19(1):7-11.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Petersen RC. History of cocaine. In: Petersen RC, Stillman RC, eds. Cocaine:
1977. Rockville, Md.: Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977:17-28.

Note Type: Citation
Notes: Raj PP. Historical aspects of regional anesthesia. In: Raj PP, ed. Textbook
of Regional Anesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:7-13.

Note Type: Reproduction
Notes: Photographed by Mr. William Lyle, July 28, 2010; Photographed with 2 coca
extract or cocaine bottles and a lozenge tin (SydneyPlus Records: aiuy, aiuz,
aiva).

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Cocaine - Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology

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Displayed from left to right is a bottle for Boehringer Muriate of Cocaine, a tin for menthol and cocaine throat lozenges, a bottle for powdered cocaine manufactured by Park, Davis & Co., and a glass bottle for fluid extract of cocaine manufactured by Eli Lilly and Co.

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Year: 2019
Location: Harvard University

Dr. Emory Brown has been conducting research using EEG technology on patients under general anesthesia. While older techniques of anesthesia effectively create a state of false coma in a patient, and eradicate the feeling of pain, studies on how the drugs effect brain activity have been minimal¹.

Dr. Brown is investigating how the oscillation patterns under anesthesia differ from sleep, and is developing targeted dosing strategies for patients based on age, gender, and other factors. This is significant because he is hoping to help combat the mental side effects from current anesthesia. It is fascinating that anesthetic techniques have transformed over the past two hundred years. Drugs like Ether, Nitrous Oxide, and Cocaine were all used for the same purpose and yet their dangerous side effects on the brain were later discovered. The work of Dr. Brown will help surface the dangerous side effects of modern anesthetic techniques on the brain and perhaps lead to a new drug or way to view the field.

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Emery Brown (Harvard Med., MIT) 2: The Dynamics of the Brain under Anesthesia

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Emery Brown (Harvard Med., MIT) 2: The Dynamics of the Brain under Anesthesia

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Emery Brown (Harvard Med., MIT) 2: The Dynamics of the Brain under Anesthesia

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(1) https://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/centers-and-initiatives/harvard-mahoney-neuroscience-institute/about-hmni/archive-brain-newsletter
(2)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGsmQBNmQrM

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The person best equipped to lead people through this exhibit would be Dr. Rovenstine.
In the artifact, Dr. Rovenstine was considered to be extremely knowledgeable about anesthetic drugs and techniques by a plethora of surgeons and physicians, stated as "one of the world's foremost anesthesiologists"¹.

The artifact is a profile done of the doctor on October 25, 1947 in the New York Times. He was appointed the leader of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) in 1935. He was a teacher of the history of analgesic drugs at N.Y.U. and as such, would know of the different entries in this museum and their influence on anesthesiology. Additionally, Dr. Rovenstine developed his own drugs like nerve blockers and the anesthetic cyclopropane. He worked to popularize regional anesthesia through political advocacy, his teaching, and his work as a doctor².

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(1) https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1947/10/25/anesthesiologist

(2)
https://rapm.bmj.com/content/22/3/273

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Profile of Dr. Emery Rovenstine in the New York Times 

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Profile of Dr. Emery Rovenstine in the New York Times 