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1. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929.

2. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

3. Norman George Heatley, a biochemist, was assigned the task of developing conditions of growth of the penicillin-producing fungus so as to obtain enough active substance for realistic investigation of its medical potential.

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1. Interaction b/w drug vs culture

2. Physical, chemical and biological nature

3. Agarose: long chains of galactose units with alpha and beta linkages

4. 96% water

5. Provide pore with no interaction

6. Easy for diffusion

7. 3 or 4 mm thick gel

8. Sharper zone boundaries and critical time

9. Agar and ion exchange activity

10. Narrow tube: Both theoretical and practical grounds that the
square of the width of the inhibition zone was directly proportional to the logarithm
of the concentration of streptomycin.

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Studies consider the mathematics of diffusion of the antibiotic through the agar gel, growth pattern of the test organism, and interaction of the antibiotic with the living cell.