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527-565                                                                     Reign of Justinian l 

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527-565                                                                     Reign of Justinian l 

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-Justinian was the most influential Byzantine Emperor
- He expanded trade
- He created Justinian's Code

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1054                                                                               The Great Schism

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1054                                                                               The Great Schism

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The separation between Western and Eastern Christianity

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1453                                                                                                            Fall of Constantinople

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1453                                                                                                            Fall of Constantinople

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Constantinople was permanently conquered by Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul

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622-750                                                            Expansions of the Islamic Empire       

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622-750                                                            Expansions of the Islamic Empire       

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- Northern Africa
- Asia
- Southern Spain

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732 AD                                                                       Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours 

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732 AD                                                                       Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours 

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Muslims armies were blocked from expanding into Europe when they were defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Tours

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February 1258                                                              Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols 

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February 1258                                                              Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols 

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Baghdad was captured by the Mongols. The invasion destroyed much of the irrigation infrastructure, canals got cut as a military tactic and were never repaired, many people also died.

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11th-15th Century                                                         Rise of the 3 Western African Kingdoms

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11th-15th Century                                                         Rise of the 3 Western African Kingdoms

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The Niger River was important to the rise of all 3 Western African Kingdoms. The 3 kingdoms were Ghana, Mali, Songhai. Ghana was first, Mali, Songhai.

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Mansa Musa was the leader of Mali and a devout Muslim. While Mansa Musa was the leader, Mali grew to become twice the size of Ghana. Musa made Timbuktu a center of trade and learning and also ordered for mosques and universities to be built there.