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Among coastal river otters, sociality could be explained by the benefits obtained from cooperative foraging on high-quality schooling pelagic fishes.

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Among coastal river otters, sociality could be explained by the benefits obtained from cooperative foraging on high-quality schooling pelagic fishes.

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Able to learn from other individuals in their group

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Able to learn from other individuals in their group

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Does it not depend on what is being compared?

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more efficient at creating a habitat/nest in a group e.g. ants or termite mound

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more efficient at creating a habitat/nest in a group e.g. ants or termite mound

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how many young they produce individually. may be easier in a group

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costs: groups can be easily spotted what can decrease the chances of catching the prey 

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costs: groups can be easily spotted what can decrease the chances of catching the prey 

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yes, because it can show how the environments around them can alter there behaviour.
be useful for the changing environment caused by humans

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no as species work within different niches and trophic levels

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Shared parenting - other members of group can help raise/ protect offspring

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Type of diet (generalist or specialist)
Specialists would tend to be social because their food is more difficult to find

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The “social brain hypothesis” argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. Researchers found that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviours. Sociality = expect changes in relative brain size

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The “social brain hypothesis” argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. Researchers found that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviours. Sociality = expect changes in relative brain size

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reduced resource availability, e.g. food

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reduced resource availability, e.g. food

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availablity of food,
such as male cheetahs have learned that they can catch more food if they stay in packs

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if animals are related or not

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Retaining heat eg. penguins

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Locomotion, birds fly in v shape to reduce drag 

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Locomotion, birds fly in v shape to reduce drag 

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-Might be easier/safer in a larger group

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spatial pressures (for example, decreased habitat size caused by urbanization)

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environmental pressures:
terrain,
weather,
space available

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Social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure.

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Social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure.

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More success in foraging when resources are shared, and more success in hunting when working together e.g. herding prey into a certain area

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could kill larger and stronger prey hunting in groups than they could alone

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Can a social group be made up of different species?

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benefit of sociality is increasing ground coverage for finding resources

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Living in groups can increase chances of male and female encounter when it comes to breeding and can save energy for searching

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Living in groups can increase chances of male and female encounter when it comes to breeding and can save energy for searching

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Older generations can pass down knowledge to younger generations.

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driven by there emotional needs and attachments.

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environment- while harsh environment could increase competition increased hunting success in large numbers is also a possibility

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cost: increased frequency of hunting required to feed a group

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Reproduction- Easier to find a mate in a group

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Different reproduction methods might benefit from having more potential mates around, such as animals that reproduce frequently. Animals that pick a mate for life or few mates would benefit from less competition.

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cost: competition for mates in social group
cost: food distribution when there is no food around

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benefit: ease of locating a mate

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Can you please upload the slides to Canvas after the seminar

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Can you please upload the slides to Canvas after the seminar