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It was around 400 BCE, a Greek philosopher whom we have all heard of nowadays, proposed with a theory that all things in the world was made of tiny and indestructible particles, that he named "atomos", which means "uncuttable". Moreover, he came up with the idea that the properties of the materials would depend on the type of atomos that they were made of. For instance, things that tasted sour were made of particles with pointy edges. On the other hand, things that tasted sweet was made of more rounded and smooth atoms, while metals were made of hard atoms. We can notice that aside from this shape misinterpretation, Democritus was practically on the right path regarding atomic composition prescribing the property of a substance.

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Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass. Thus, Dalton assigned atomic weights to the atoms of the 20 elements he knew of at the time. This was a revolutionary concept for the day, which would contribute to the development of the periodic table of the elements later in the 19th century.

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Eugen Goldstein was a German physicist that received his doctorate in 1881. Afterwards, he spent most of his time at the Potsdam Observatory, where he was able to work on medium and high vacuum discharges, which was also one of his interests. In 1886, he discovered "canal rays" or also named positive rays, and these rays are actually made of protons. "These are positively charged ions that are accelerated toward and through a perforated cathode in an evacuated tube" (Gaur et al., 2021). He was also a great contributor to the study of cathode rays that later on became the basis of various experiments.

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J.J. Thomson or Joseph John Thomson is a British physicist who was born in December 18, 1856 in Cheetham Hill, England. Joseph John Thomson helped revolutionize the atomic structure by discovering electrons.  He was able to do this by studying cathode ray tubes, which are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, and came up with the idea that the particles in the cathode beams must be negative because they were repelled by negatively charged items and attracted by positively charged items. He was given a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906. The discovery of electrons was a critical point in history, that helped us invent electricity, magnetism and thermodynamics. J.J Thomson discovered electrons or so which he called corpuscles in 1897. Then he died in August 30, 1940 and made his name on history of science.

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Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand psychist and once was a former student of J.J Thomson, in which he came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. He postulated the nuclear structure of the atom, discovered alpha and beta rays and proposed the laws of radioactive decay. In addition, his discovery of the nucleus is considered as one of the most significant contributions to physics and Rutherford’s greatest scientific work.

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In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a theory for the hydrogen atom, based on quantum theory that some physical quantities only take discrete values. Electrons move around a nucleus, but only in prescribed orbits, and if electrons jump to a lower-energy orbit, the difference is sent out as radiation. Hence, making the Bohr Model that is widely known and used today.

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Werner Heisenberg is a German physicist and philosopher who composed a type of quantum mechanics based on matrices in 1925. 2 years later he presented "uncertainty relation," which is that the position and the velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly at the same time and “the combined uncertainty in both measurements must be equal to or greater than h/(4π), where h is Planck’s constant.” Werner Heisenderg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932 for that discovery.

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Erwin Schrödinger was a Austrian-Irish physicist who developed some results of quantum theory. It provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time. Erwin Schrödinger has also wrote on various aspects of physics including physics of dielectrics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, electrodynamics, color theory, general relativity, and cosmology. Erwin Schrödinger had tried to construct a unified field theory. Wherein the book "What is Life?" he showed the problems of genetics. In 1993, Erwin Scheödinger has won the Nobel Prize in physics along with Paul Dirac. Schrödinger left Germany after winning the Nobel Prize due to his opposition to Nazism. Moreover, he formulated a wave equation that accurately calculated the energy levels of electrons in atoms.

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In 1932 Chadwick made a very important discovery, he discovered neutrons. Neutrons are elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge.  Unlike helium nuclei (alpha rays), which are charged and therefore repelled by the great electrical forces  of heavy nuclei, this new nuclear dissection tool does not require overcoming electrical barriers and  even the heaviest elements are nuclei. Chadwick thus paved the way for the fission of uranium-235 and  the creation of an atomic bomb. This groundbreaking discovery earned him the 1932 Royal Society Hughes Medal and then the 1935 Nobel Prize  in Physics.

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/john-dalton-and-atomic-theory/

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/facts

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugen-Goldstein

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1932/heisenberg/facts/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Werner-Heisenberg

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/biographical/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-J-Thomson

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger

https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/ernest-rutherford?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford?