# data[].attributes.body
a scale model of the UNIVAC I (the name stood for Universal Automatic Computer) which was delivered to the Census Bureau in 1951. It was the first American commercial computer, as well as the first computer designed for business use.

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The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to share information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal system.

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The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defense Department to consider ways information could still be disseminated even after a nuclear attack. This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in 1966, the network that ultimately evolved into what we now know as the Internet. ARPANET was a great success, but membership was limited to certain academic and research organizations who had contracts with the Defense Department. In response to this, other networks were created to provide information sharing.

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A new communications protocol was
established called Transfer Control
Protocol/internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on
different networks to "talk" to each other.
ARPANET and the Defense Data Network
officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on
January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the
Internet. All networks could now be
connected by a universal language.

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The first Philippine-based, public-access BBS [bulletin board system], First-Fil RBBS went online with an annual subscription fee of P1,000. A precursor to the local online forum, it ran an open-source BBS software on an IBM XT Clone PC with a 1200bps modem and was operated by Dan Angeles and Ed Castañeda.

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The Philippine FidoNet Exchange, a local network for communication between several BBSes in Metro Manila, was formed.

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A committee helmed by Arnie del Rosario of the Ateneo Computer Technology Center was tasked with exploring the possibility of creating an academic network of universities and government institutions by the National Computer Center under Dr. William Torres. Recommendations were made but not implemented.

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Emergence of email gateways and services in the Philippines, including some from multinational companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments, which used a direct Internet connection, X.25, or UCCP protocol. Local firms ETPI, Philcom, and PLDT also operated commercial X.25 networks. Another milestone: Local and international email to FidoNet users was introduced.

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With the support of the Department of
Science and Technology and the Industrial
Research Foundation, the Philnet project
(now PHNET) was born. The Philnet
technical committee, composed of
computer buffs working at the DOST and
representatives from the Ateneo de Manila
University (Richie Lozada and Arnie del
Rosario), De La Salle University (Kelsey
Hartigan-Go), University of the Philippines
Diliman (Rodel Atanacio and Rommel Feria),
and University of the Philippines Los Baños,
would eventually play a significant role in
connecting the Philippines to the World Wide Web

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Phase one of the Philnet project shifted into full gear after receiving funding from the DOST. It proved to be successful, as students from partner universities were able to send emails to the Internet by routing them through Philnet's gateway at the Ateneo, which was connected to another gateway at the Victoria University of Technology in Australia.

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An additional P12.5-million grant for the first year's running cost was awarded by the DOST to buy equipment and lease communication lines needed to kickstart the second phase of Philnet, now led by Dr. Rudy Villarica.

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Benjie Tan, who was working for ComNet, a company that supplied Cisco routers to the Philnet project, established the Philippine's first connection to the Internet at a PLDT network center in Makati City. Shortly thereafter, he posted a short message to the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.filipino to alert Filipinos overseas that a link had been made.