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Amoeba sister worksheet

How do genes express themselves:
its like, picking one game out of the millions of options in a store

Chemical compounds are also added to DNA to help regulate gene expression
We call them epigenome
Chemical changes that control gene activity can be caused by factors such as age of organism, diseases, and environmental sources.
We call them epigenetic changes
These changes may cause transcription of DNA region to begin or stop

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plating seeds

gene expression: basically transcription
Process which nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed to make mRNA molecules

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Genetics
making genetic traits
planting seeds

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work on extra credit on mutations

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homologous chromosome split during meiosis 1, and crossing over occurs
sister chromatids split and form new gametes in meiosis 2
how is a baby formed:
fertilization: two gametes of different types fuse together to produce a zygote with a complete set of DNA
both mitosis and mieosis has 23 chromosomes from your mother and 23 from your father

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independent assortment: Chromosomes lining up randomly during metaphase (only occurs in metaphase 1)
more work on jamboard from april 19th

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Meiosis: Cell division that divides 1 diploid into 4 haploid cells
gametes: Sex cells from germ cell

haploid Single set of chromosomes
diploid: Two copies of every chromosome

https://jamboard.google.com/d/1o3H_tX3sFqJqVzBkWwSXkRCcLFlexOwXTYw2jQ_vUZU/viewer?f=5

which phase does genetic variation occur:

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Identical vs Fraternal twins
https://docs.google.com/document/d/18efS9fIdGrOYS4AyKy9twhIoyW53U1S7j0K6nqBKFRE/edit?usp=sharing

meiosis video:
type of cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)
Baby gets 23 chromosomes from its mother and 23 from its father
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase happen
then repeats into prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2

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Easy day, checked for any missing assignments and organized old biology notes

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Meiosis
Why does DNA replication occur before cell division:
In order for all of the cells in your body to maintain a full genome, each cell must replicateits DNA before it divides so that a full genome can be allotted to each of its offspring cells.

Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes: Chromosomes that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism
Sex chromosome: Chromosome that directly control the development of sexual characteristics

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1. DNA is made up of nucleotides which has four different bases

2. The complementary bases are made up of DNA bonds

3. The DNA replication process is semiconservative

1. DNA is the building block of life which is shaped through the different DNA base sequence.

2. The DNA replication process involves splitting a DNA strand into two and creating a new complementary strand to connect.

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Cytokinesis
Divides cytoplasm between two daughter cells
each has genetically identical nucleus
enters interphase

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Prophase
When the chromosome condesnes
nuclear envelope breaks down
centrioles begin to move to opposite poles
and spindle fibers form

Metaphase
Spindle fibers attaches to centromere of each chromosome
Align the chromosomes
along the equator

Anaphase
Chromatids separate to opposite side of cell

Telophase
Nuclear membrane forms
Chromosomes uncoil
spindle fibers fall apart

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Why is Mitosis Important
Mitosis is a way of making more cells that are the same as the parent cell
It plays an imprtant part in the developemnet of embryos, and is important for the growth of our bodies. Mitosis produces new cells and replaces the damaged ones
Mitosis helps the development and growth cell replacement and asexual reproduction
Mitosis helps organisms grow in size and repair damaged tissues.
Organisms can use mitosis to reproduce asexually.

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Mitosis in broken down into four main parts:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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Chromosomes and Mitosis

Chromosome: A long continuos strand of DNA that consists of many genes wrapped around a protein called histones
Chromatid: Half of a duplicated chromosome
Centromere: Area where chromatids are attached

We have 46 chromosomes in form of 32 pairs

HomologousL one from father, one from mother

Cell Cycle: Patern of growth, DNA replication, and Cell division
Interphase: Resting Phase
Mitosis: Dividing Phase
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm Division

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Replication vs Transcription

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Feb 9

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RNA and DNA

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA: Ribonucleic ACid

DNA:
Double Stand
Sugar is called Deoxyribose
DNA has 4 bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cystosine, Thymine

RNA: Single Strand
Sugar is called Ribose
RNA has 4 bases: Adenine, GUanine, Cytosine, Uracil

DNA found in nucleus
RNA found inside and outside nucleus

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Feb 3

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Feb 1

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To be inherited, DNA must first be replicated

Zipper (One DNA stran splitting into two white the H bond splitting)

Stabilizing protien is used to stabilize the strands and keep sepearte to act as a template for new DNA

RNA primase adds an RNA primer to start the replication process

DNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together to form a new strand of DNA

DNA strands run anti-parallel

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DNA: Genetic code fo organisms
Nucleic acid that are made up of building blocks call nucleotides
All living things are made of DNA
Not found in Nucleus

Nucleotides are made up of sugar, phosphate group, and a base held together through hydrogen bonds

4 types of base: Cytpsone. Thymine, Adenine, and Guanine

DNA is stored in the nucleus and is coiled up into the chromosomes

Rosalind Franklin: Used x-ray diffraction to see shape of DNA

No questions
Content presented well in slides