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An object becomes electronically charged when the number of protons and electrons do not balance.

Static electricity results when this charge is isolated on an object by insulating material.

Excess electrons – object will be charged negatively.

Deficit of electrons – objects will be positively charged.

When one object is rubbed by another electrons are often transferred.

If one or both objects are insulators or insulated then static electricity results.

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Charge cannot be created nor destroyed but only transferred from one object to another.

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He was a Dutch-American physicist, noted for his design and construction of high-voltage Van de Graaff generators.

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The principle of conservation of charge states:
The net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process (e.g. two charged objects making contact and separating).

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Metals are good conductors, so charge is free to move around in and on it.

Insulators (e.g. plastic and rubber) don't allow electric charges to move through them.

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EVEN VS UNEVEN SPREAD OF CHARGE:

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The elementary charge, usually denoted by e or sometimes q e, is the electric charge carried by a single electron.

Elementary charge = charge on a single electron = -1,6 x 10-19 C.

Robert A. Millikan's oil drop experiment first measured the size of the elementary charge in 1909.

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Electrons - Quantization of Electric Charge - Physics Video by Brightstorm

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Time-saving video on electrons and the quantization of electric charge. Electron charge is the transfer of electrons from one material to another. Quantization of charge means that when we say something has a given charge, we mean that that is how many times the charge of a single electron it has.

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PROBLEM: CHARGE ON CONDUCTING SPHERES AFTER TOUCHING AND SEPARATION

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PROBLEM: CHARGE ON CONDUCTING SPHERES AFTER TOUCHING AND SEPARATION

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POLARIZATION OF CHARGE = process that induces electron movement or electron rearrangement

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POLARIZATION OF CHARGE = process that induces electron movement or electron rearrangement

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POLARIZED WATER STREAM INTERACTS WITH CHARGED OBJECTS 

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POLARIZED WATER STREAM INTERACTS WITH CHARGED OBJECTS 

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The grounding process involves:

A transfer of electrons between the charged electroscope and the conducting object to which it is touched.

When a negatively charged electroscope is touched, electrons exit the electroscope to the ground.

When a positively charged electroscope is touched, electrons enter the electroscope from the ground.

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DEF - Electric field:
A region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test charge would move if
placed at that point.

Field direction:

AWAY FROM POSITIVE

TOWARDS NEGATIVE

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The electric field always runs perpendicular to the surface of any conductor.

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Properties of electric field lines:

1.          They start on positive charges and end on negative
charges.

2.          They never cross.

3.          They are 3-dimensional.

4.          The denser the field lines the stronger the field.

5.          They enter and leave charged object at right angles.

6.          They are continuous (although drawn as separate lines).

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ELECTROSTATIC FORCE FALLS OFF WITH DISTANCE 

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ELECTROSTATIC FORCE FALLS OFF WITH DISTANCE 

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Dependence of force on distance between charged objects

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Electric Charge: Crash Course Physics #25

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NET FORCE BETWEEN THREE POINT CHARGES (co-linear)

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NET FORCE BETWEEN THREE POINT CHARGES (co-linear)

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EXAMPLE 1:
The following three charges with distances apart are given:

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Solution:

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Calculate the net force on the red charge.

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ELECTROSTATIC VS GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS IN ACTION - BUILD YOUR OWN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR!  

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ELECTROSTATIC VS GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS IN ACTION - BUILD YOUR OWN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR!  

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Review Preliminary Physics  Module 4 Electricity and Magnetism  -IQ on electrostatics

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Review Preliminary Physics  Module 4 Electricity and Magnetism  -IQ on electrostatics