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2.1 Frontier and Space

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2.1 Frontier and Space

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Will the indigeneous' voice be heard and the lands given back? 

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Will the indigeneous' voice be heard and the lands given back? 

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Why is NZ left off the maps ? How does it respond to it?

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Why is NZ left off the maps ? How does it respond to it?

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Is the English language a benefit or a burden for the ex-colonies of Africa?

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Is the English language a benefit or a burden for the ex-colonies of Africa?

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map of the removal of Native Americans 1820-1840

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map of the removal of Native Americans 1820-1840

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Map pf the removal of Native Americans in the years 1820-1840

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THE TRAIL OF TEARS, Max D. Standley, 1995

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1872

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The US Supreme Court has ruled about half of Oklahoma belongs to Native Americans, in a landmark case that also quashed a child rape conviction.

The justices decided 5-4 that an eastern chunk of the state, including its second-biggest city, Tulsa, should be recognised as part of a reservation.

Jimcy McGirt, who was convicted in 1997 of raping a girl, brought the case.

He cited the historical claim of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation to the land where the assault occurred.

What does the ruling mean?

Thursday's decision in McGirt v Oklahoma is seen as one of the most far-reaching cases for Native Americans before the highest US court in decades.

The ruling means some tribe members found guilty in state courts for offences committed on the land at issue can now challenge their convictions.

Only federal prosecutors will have the power to criminally prosecute Native Americans accused of crimes in the area.

Tribe members who live within the boundaries may also be exempt from state taxes, according to Reuters news agency.

Some 1.8 million people - of whom about 15% are Native American - live on the land, which spans three million acres.

What did the justices say?

Justice Neil Gorsuch, a conservative appointed by US President Donald Trump, sided with the court's four liberals and also wrote the opinion.

He referred to the Trail of Tears, the forcible 19th Century relocation of Native Americans, including the Creek Nation, to Oklahoma.

The US government said at the time that the new land would belong to the tribes in perpetuity.

Justice Gorsuch wrote: "Today we are asked whether the land these treaties promised remains an Indian reservation for purposes of federal criminal law.

"Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word."

What about the rape case?

The ruling overturned McGirt's prison sentence. He could still, however, be tried in federal court.

McGirt, now 71, was convicted in 1997 in Wagoner County of raping a four-year-old girl.

He did not dispute his guilt before the Supreme Court, but argued that only federal authorities should have been entitled to prosecute him.

McGirt is a member of the Seminole Nation.

His lawyer, Ian Heath Gershengorn, told CNBC: "The Supreme Court reaffirmed today that when the United States makes promises, the courts will keep those promises."

How might Oklahoma's criminal justice system be affected?

In a dissenting opinion, Chief Justice John Roberts said the decision would destabilise the state's courts.

He wrote: "The State's ability to prosecute serious crimes will be hobbled and decades of past convictions could well be thrown out.

"The decision today creates significant uncertainty for the State's continuing authority over any area that touches Indian affairs, ranging from zoning and taxation to family and environmental law."

An analysis by The Atlantic magazine of Oklahoma Department of Corrections records found that 1,887 Native Americans were in prison as of the end of last year for offences committed within the boundaries of the tribal territory.

But fewer than one in 10 of those cases would qualify for a new federal trial, according to the research.

Jonodev Chaudhuri, a former chief justice of the Muscogee Nation's Supreme Court, dismissed talk of legal mayhem.

He told the Tulsa World newspaper: "All the sky-is-falling narratives were dubious at best.

"This would only apply to a small subset of Native Americans committing crimes within the boundaries."

How did other tribal leaders react?

In a joint statement, the Five Tribes of Oklahoma - Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Seminole and Muscogee Nation - welcomed the ruling.

They pledged to work with federal and state authorities to agree shared jurisdiction over the land.

"The Nations and the state are committed to implementing a framework of shared jurisdiction that will preserve sovereign interests and rights to self-government while affirming jurisdictional understandings, procedures, laws and regulations that support public safety, our economy and private property rights," the statement said.

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Half of Oklahoma ruled to be Native American land

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The US Supreme Court has ruled about half of Oklahoma belongs to Native Americans, in a landmark case that also quashed a child rape conviction. The justices decided 5-4 that an eastern chunk of the state, including its second-biggest city, Tulsa, should be recognised as part of a reservation.

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1.1 Unity and Plurality OR            1.3 Equality and Inequalities

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1.1 Unity and Plurality OR            1.3 Equality and Inequalities

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1.1 Unity and Plurality OR      1.2 Public and Individual Liberties

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1.1 Unity and Plurality OR      1.2 Public and Individual Liberties

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Has autonomy impacted HK's public and individual liberties ?

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Has autonomy impacted HK's public and individual liberties ?

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How has the Five Eyes Alliance adapted to address today's challenges?

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How has the Five Eyes Alliance adapted to address today's challenges?

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Documents to update the threats

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William and Kate’s Caribbean tour is no charm, all offensive

https://gal-dem.com/william-kate-royals-caribbean-jamaica-republic/?fbclid=IwAR3yQ-E3i5YwVLrH5vqtmzqO-hRphQ6UX9n2iqRvMbPsuSnGmh5J9-HE_Dk

Not such a Royal welcome in Jamaica?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8NwfFT1XhY

Securing or endangering the monarchy?

https://time.com/6160376/prince-william-kate-royal-tour-controversy-caribbean/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=editorial&utm_term=world_royals&linkId=157956537&fbclid=IwAR0XldQ-YNDsVSe1rC9xnNhJxQqFhfFS-Nk2CMkLU0zVSn__6AYBOBqef4M

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Why British royals face simmering resentment in Caribbean

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Why British royals face simmering resentment in Caribbean

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National flags still adorn the streets of Antigua's capital days after the Earl and Countess of Wessex departed the island on their Platinum Jubilee Caribbean tour.

People here pride themselves on the welcome offered to visitors - tourism is the country's mainstay after all. But behind the red carpet and guard of honour upon arrival, the royal couple's trip was met with pervasive apathy mixed with simmering resentment.

It was not always this way. Decades ago, the royals were greeted like "deities", says local historian Ivor Ford.

"We would all turn out to see them and wave flags. I suppose we didn't know better then," he muses.

Antigua and Barbuda marked 40 years of independence from Britain last year. Today the nation - like its regional counterparts - retains a complicated relationship with its former colonial master.

Increasing awareness of the Caribbean's history and growing calls for financial reparations for slavery, coupled with a rise in pan-Africanism, are among the reasons cited for the shift in sentiment.

"I think most Antiguans would want to replace the Queen now," Mr Ford continues. "Young people can't relate to the Royal Family; they don't understand their purpose. Even older people like me, I would love to see us become a republic. The head of state should be someone who is elected like in America."

The country's prime minister, Gaston Browne, alluded to long-term plans for such a move during a meeting with Prince Edward and Sophie on Monday - shortly before requesting the couple use their influence to facilitate "constructive talks" on reparatory justice for slavery.

Days earlier, the chair of the country's Reparations Support Commission, Dorbrene O'Marde, had issued an open letter to the Wessexes demanding compensation for enduring "injury, injustice and racism", adding that the royals continue to live in "splendour, pomp and wealth attained through the proceeds of the crimes".

Businesswoman Makeda Mikael attended none of Monday's festivities, in contrast to her childhood when she says youngsters "had no choice" but to do so.

"We didn't know as much about our history then as we do now," she tells the BBC. "In school I wasn't taught African or Caribbean history. I knew everything about British and European history and nothing about ours."

Ms Mikael is a staunch advocate for reparations.

"England has enjoyed the benefit of our slave labour right up to today and they need to be honest, admit it and find a way to reconcile," she says.

As for the Queen, "the majority of people couldn't care less if she's head of state or not", she adds. "The Queen is not a significant part of anybody's agenda."

Anti-royal sentiment in Antigua was more muted than in St Vincent where few can have failed to notice the juxtaposition of the red carpet welcome with the placard-bearing protestors that greeted the Wessexes when they touched down last Saturday.

"Generally people say they're tired of having the Queen as head of state. We're an independent country and there's no real benefit anymore," says radio station owner Douglas Defreitas.

"It's not like before when we could go to England without a visa; now there are restrictions. The call for reparations is in the air and that's the catalyst being used to propel the Queen's removal."

In October St Vincent will mark 43 years of independence.

"Years ago, royal arrivals were very robotic in the sense that we were told to line the streets and wave flags; we were taught to be a particular way," Mr Defreitas says, adding: "I believe it's time for us to become a republic; we should have our own autonomy."

The days of colonialism may be largely over in the Caribbean - save for a smattering of tiny territories - but former powers continue to make their presence felt via unpopular policy decisions which strike at the heart of many islands' economies.

Pressure to end the veil of secrecy surrounding banking in tax havens has decimated some countries' offshore finance industries, while EU threats to axe access to the Schengen Area to nations selling "golden passports" could soon put the boot into the region's lucrative citizenship by investment schemes too.

"It causes anger," Mr Defreitas says. "If they can still have an influence on us now, you can imagine why many people think we should just go the whole hog and become a republic."

Thorny issue of slavery

Like Mr O'Marde, Mr Defreitas concedes slavery reparations will not be imminent.

"We know it'll be a long haul. I'd like to see it not in the form of money for politicians to spend. What we need is all our infrastructure renovated and expanded to meet our capacity needs for the next 30 years," he says.

Slavery's legacy continues to leave deep wounds, he continues. These days, widespread acknowledgment of colourism - the practice of favouring lighter skin tones over darker ones - has done little to end discrimination, Mr Defreitas asserts.

"Hundreds of years of slavery have left an indelible mark on our people. Darker Black people are still at a disadvantage - it's deep-seated," he adds.

Ernesto Cooke, editor-in-chief of the St Vincent Times, says many residents feel royal visits to the country are as anachronistic as the monarchy itself.

"Britain needs to meet people halfway on the issue of reparations, offer a compromise; people would then feel a sense of justice," he says.

The Wessexes were not the only royals to encounter demonstrations amid Platinum Jubilee celebrations.

Prince William and Kate's visit in March to Jamaica, Belize and the Bahamas also sparked a series of protests demanding an apology and reparations for slavery.

While the Duke of Cambridge expressed "profound sorrow" over the "abhorrent" trade, many felt the speech made at a dinner in Jamaica did not go far enough.

"We don't want an apology from William, or Kate or Charles; we want to hear it from the Queen herself," Mr Cooke adds.

Prince Edward and Sophie also visited St Lucia where protestors may have been largely absent but some anti-royal rhetoric was evident.

"There are two distinct camps," says local photographer Kirk Elliott. "There are those who are enlightened and aware of our history, and those who grew up in an era where the monarchy was of greater significance.

"History is written by the conqueror; we have now become more aware of our history and the way it's been presented," he adds.

In recent years, the Black Lives Matter movement which started in the US has brought racial injustice to the fore. In the Caribbean, pan-Africanism - the idea that people of African descent have common interests and should be unified - has also seen an upswing.

As for the path ahead, Mr O'Marde believes the region will continue to cast aside lingering vestiges of its colonial past.

"The next step for Antigua and Barbuda will be to become a republic which will affect the monarchy's role, as essentially that's where their power lies; they still have ultimate control over our parliament," he says, adding: "That will be mirrored across the Caribbean."

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Why British royals face simmering resentment in Caribbean

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National flags still adorn the streets of Antigua's capital days after the Earl and Countess of Wessex departed the island on their Platinum Jubilee Caribbean tour. People here pride themselves on the welcome offered to visitors - tourism is the country's mainstay after all.

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Relationships between the Mother Country and its Colonies

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Relationships between the Mother Country and its Colonies

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Should I stay or Should I go?

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Is the English language still unifying today?

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Is the English language still unifying today?

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Do museums reproduce colonialist behaviors?

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Do museums reproduce colonialist behaviors?

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Why return artifacts, sculptures, but not the looted gold, diamonds and other resources?

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Why return artifacts, sculptures, but not the looted gold, diamonds and other resources?

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Why return artifacts, sculptures, but not the looted gold, diamonds and other resources?

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The admission of outright theft of over 500 historical objects including 440 bronzes by the British and the commitment to repatriate such to Nigeria has triggered a whole different conversation. Africans worldwide have shared their views on the development; whilst some called on Berlin to include the revenue generated by those objects from the time [...]

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Benin Bronzes: 'My great-grandfather sculpted the looted treasures'

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Benin Bronzes: 'My great-grandfather sculpted the looted treasures'

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On the bustling streets of Nigeria's Benin City, residents cannot wait to get their Bronzes back - for them their return symbolises reparations for some of the wrongs committed by British troops during the colonial era.

A statue of a cockerel is one priceless artefact soon to be welcomed home, after Jesus College handed it over to a delegation from Nigeria at a ceremony at Cambridge University on Wednesday.

It is one of thousands of metal sculptures and ivory carvings made between the 15th and 19th Centuries and looted by British troops in 1897 from the West African kingdom of Benin, in modern day Nigeria's Edo state.

"I feel happy that the work of my great-grandfather will be coming back to Benin," says Monday Aigbe, who, like his ancestor, is a sculptor.

He runs a foundry in Benin City, the capital of Edo state, where his craftsmen work quietly on brass statues.

The skilled workers fashion a myriad of shapes out of metal, including busts of the Oba - the title of the traditional king of Benin - as well as statues of animals and carved doors.

They have been making bronzes here for six generations. In the middle of the foundry is a large statue of Mr Aigbe's great-grandfather.

He worked for Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi when the raid took place on the Royal Palace more than 120 years ago.

"It makes me upset because they came, they destroyed the palace, they made my great-grandfather run from the city to the village," says Mr Aigbe.

The loot was amongst the most valuable African artworks ever made - and was sold or gifted to private collectors and museums around the world.

With more and more of the stolen artefacts expected back in Nigeria - on Thursday the University of Aberdeen in Scotland will also be returning one of its Bronzes - Mr Aigbe plans to take his children to see them when they go on display.

Grand designs

This will be at the Edo Museum of West African Art - a grand initiative by the governor of Edo state to house all the returned Benin Bronzes.

The authorities say it will not be completed for at least five years - construction on the building, set to be designed by famous British-Ghanaian architect David Adjaye, has yet to start.

But for Theophilus Umogbai, deputy director and curator of the National Museum Benin, this is no excuse to delay returning the Bronzes.

The artefacts are akin to a library as they tell the history of the kingdom of Benin, he says.

"You now have empty shelves. The return of those objects will be like filling those shelves. There's a lacuna in our history because those objects were taken away."

The British government has argued that the Benin Bronzes "properly reside" in the British Museum, which has the largest collection of them in the world - with more than 900 pieces.

Hosting the ancient objects in London also ensures they are accessible to the world, the UK authorities say.

But it is an argument that Mr Umogbai takes exception to, saying that most Nigerians will never get to see them there given visa and travel costs.

"I went to the British Museum because my trip was sponsored. I wouldn't have been able to go otherwise, even as a public servant.

"It's easier for those abroad to visit us, because of the economic buoyancy of Europe, compared to Africa."

For him the Bronzes simply do not belong in Western museums.

"When I saw the Bronzes in the British Museum I was happy at first. Then that thought was replaced by the feeling that these objects were incongruously sitting where they shouldn't be. They should be back home."

The past 'feeds inspiration'

Twenty-eight-year-old artist Joe Obamina agrees - as he believes it is the past that inspires the future.

In his sunlit studio in Benin City he makes pixellated paintings - inspired by his childhood spent indoors, playing Tetris.

These artefacts being returned is going to mean a lot, because it will help me connect with my ancestors"

Joe Obamina
Artist in Benin City

From a distance the paintings look like a collection of multicoloured boxes, small symbols peppering the odd square. But if you squint, or better yet, watch the paintings through your phone camera, the overall image becomes clear.

"Each pixel is a continuous story. Besides the overall image, I tell other stories inside each cube," says Mr Obamina.

Despite using modern imagery, some of his work does reflects the history and culture of Edo state.

One painting depicts the Idia mask, one of the most famous Benin Bronzes. It is said to be a carving of the face of the mother of an oba from the first half of the 16th Century.

"My painting of the Idia mask was inspired by the ongoing restitution of the Benin Bronzes," says Mr Obamina.

"We grew up without seeing the actual mask, just the replicas. Our heritage has been scattered, so I had to paint something to depict that: the scattered heritage that is abroad.

"But nevertheless we still have our own identity and cultural practices. That's why when you take a picture of it with your phone you can still see the mask in full."

Mr Obamina's paternal great-grandfather was a sculptor. Although he does not know whether he worked on any of the ancient bronzes, he believes that seeing them will help connect him to his past.

"I'm a Nigerian, I'm an Edo citizen - so I can't really detach myself from that, it's rooted in me.

"These artefacts being returned is going to mean a lot, because it will help me connect with my ancestors."

Battle for the Benin Bronzes:

A collection of intricately made brass and bronze sculptures and plaques from the palace of Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi

Created by specialist guilds working for the royal court

The plaques provide a historical record of the Kingdom of Benin, including the first contact with Portuguese emissaries

Many of the pieces were made for ancestral altars of past kings and queen mothers

The term "Benin Bronzes" is also used to refer to artefacts made from ivory, leather, coral and wood

In February 1897, the British launched a punitive expedition against the kingdom after seven British officials and traders were killed

Benin City was overrun; British forces looted the Royal Palace, which was burnt down. The oba, or king, was sent into exile

Museums in Europe have agreed to lend on rotation some of their bronzes to a new museum to be built in Benin City more than six decades after Nigeria's independence

More on this story

Around the BBC

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Benin Bronzes: 'My great-grandfather sculpted the looted treasures'

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On the bustling streets of Nigeria's Benin City, residents cannot wait to get their Bronzes back - for them their return symbolises reparations for some of the wrongs committed by British troops during the colonial era.

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Decolonization Is for Everyone | Nikki Sanchez | TEDxSFU

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'Embarrassed to be British': Brexit study reveals impact on UK citizens in EU

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'Embarrassed to be British': Brexit study reveals impact on UK citizens in EU

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The first major study since Brexit of UK citizens living in the EU has revealed its profound impact on their lives, with many expressing serious concerns over their loss of free movement and voting rights - and a very different perception of Britain.

The survey, of 1,328 British nationals across the continent, showed that if "the public narrative suggests Brexit is done and dusted, it has brought deep transformations to the lives of British citizens in the EU and EEA", the study's co-lead, Michaela Benson, said.

"The long tail of Brexit is evident in its continuing impacts both on the way they live their lives, and in its lasting significance for their sense of identity and belonging," said Benson, a sociology professor at Lancaster University.

The survey, conducted between December 2021 and January 2022, a year after the end of the Brexit transition period, and part of a wider project by Lancaster and Birmingham universities, found 59% of respondents had lived in their country of residence for at least five years and most intended to stay.

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But many were angered by their loss of free movement, meaning they can no longer move within the EU for work, or retire to another EU country, and especially worried about being unable to return to the UK with non-British family members in future.

Asked whether their past or future migration plans had been affected by Brexit, 27% of respondents said it had affected them a great deal, and 14% a lot. "Where does one even start?" was the response of one British citizen living in Belgium. "Loss of rights like freedom of movement around the EU and to the UK. With a wife who is an EU citizen, I had to decide whether to move to the relevant EU country or stay in the UK. Family now cannot move back to Britain. Uncertainty."

Another said: "I moved to France in 2020 in order to protect my right to live and work in France post-Brexit. My migration is 100% a result of Brexit."

Brexit, and the British government's handling of the Covid pandemic, strongly affected 80% of respondents' feelings towards the UK, with responses including "deep shame", "disappointment", "a shit show", "embarrassed to be British", "shambolic", and "like watching a house on fire".

Just over 30% still felt very or extremely emotionally attached to the UK, compared with 75% who said they felt a very or extreme emotional attachment to the EU, and 59% who felt the same in relation to their country of residence.

"For me, one of the most interesting things the survey reveals is this sense of disappointment, shame and anguish over Brexit and the pandemic - and a really quite pronounced expression of European identity," Benson said.

About two-thirds had changed their legal status since 2016, acquiring residency or citizenship. But nearly half did not have the same status - and therefore the same migration and settlement rights - as some or all of their close family members.

This was a major or significant concern for a large majority of respondents, who said it was affecting their own and their children's work, career and education, or would do so in the future.

"My wife is a Russian citizen," said one respondent in Italy. "Her right to live and work depend upon my status under the withdrawal agreement. She fears a potential move to another EU country as her residency rights are totally dependent upon mine."

Those who felt they may want or need to move back to the UK at some stage felt particularly affected, since non-British partners and other family members coming with them would now be subject to UK domestic immigration controls.

"I have a house in England," said one respondent, who has lived in the Netherlands for 10 years. "I was going to retire there. It's now being sold. My wife is Dutch. I do not think she could even relocate back to the UK - despite joint ownership of a house, having lived there for 15 years, being fluent in English and having two dual-nationality kids."

The loss of EU voting rights was also a big concern, with 46% saying they could no longer vote in European elections or, in most cases, local elections in their country of residence. Roughly 42% were also unable to vote in the UK because they had lived abroad for more than 15 years, although this is expected to change.

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'Embarrassed to be British': Brexit study reveals impact on UK citizens in EU

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The first major study since Brexit of UK citizens living in the EU has revealed its profound impact on their lives, with many expressing serious concerns over their loss of free movement and voting rights - and a very different perception of Britain.

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Vocabulaire:
work out = find a solution
baffled = confused
a burden = "un fardeau"
costly = expensive
a rug = a carpet
a layoff = "un licenciement"
peripheral = "en périphérie"
a livelihood = a salary

Question d'expression:
Do you think borders are a problem for circulation or are they necessary?

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To what extent is non verbal language a great political tool? Be careful: find examples only from THE ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLD

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To what extent is non verbal language a great political tool? Be careful: find examples only from THE ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLD

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Editor's note: The term "Inuit" is broadly used to refer to Native peoples from the circumpolar Arctic in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Though "Iñupiaq" and "Yupik" are the comparable terms for Native Alaskans, the use of "Inuit tattoos" in this article reflects the language commonly used by Native tattoo artists throughout the Arctic region.
Holly Mititquq Nordlum grew up admiring her great-grandmother's tattoos. Though the women in her Iñupiaq village in Arctic Alaska had not been tattooed for generations, photographs of the matriarch hung in the homes of all Nordlum's relatives, her traditional ink on full display.

"I was always curious about our tattoos," says Nordlum, recalling the few times she saw them in person as a girl. The daughter of a pilot, Nordlum remembers being encouraged to ask questions when her father flew in Native Alaskan elders from Wainwright or Port Hope, awed by the markings the women wore on their faces and bodies. "That must have stuck with me," she says.

Now, Nordlum sports the tattoos her great-grandmother once did. For the past five years, she's worked as a traditional tattoo artist in Anchorage, joining a league of Native women across the circumpolar Arctic working to revive the practice and redefine what it means today.

Native Arctic women tattooed one another for millennia before Western colonizers abolished the custom. These women earned their ink: Girls got their first tattoos when they started menstruating, often in the form of lines running down the chin. Additional stripes were drawn when a woman mastered a new skill or reached a milestone, like learning to sew a seal-skin parka or giving birth.

"Face tattoos were celebrations of a woman's life," says Nordlum, and advertisements of their womanhood. Less visible tattoos might have served other purposes.

Expectant mothers often tattooed their thighs to give their newborns something beautiful to look at as they entered the world. Other ink was medicinal: Many women suffering from inflammation caused by breastfeeding tattooed their chests. Last year, Nordlum had a fellow Iñupiaq tattoo artist in Anchorage work on her hands in hopes of relieving the pain she'd developed through her own tattooing practice and work as a graphic designer.

"Tattoos create wounds your body has to send white blood cells to heal," says Nordlum, explaining the practice's medicinal value. "So if you have an infection, and you do it right ... they can actually be healing."

Over the years, academics have recorded various explanations for Inuit tattoos. In the mid-20th century, French ethnographer Bernard Saladin d'Anglure traveled to Nunavut in Arctic Canada to interview Atuat Ittukusuk, the last tattooed woman in her Igloolik village. Per d'Anglure, Ittukusuk explained that face tattoos were done to please the sun spirit while hand tattoos were said to please the sea spirit. Elsewhere in Nunavut, in Gjoa Haven, the Nattilik Inuit have been cited as believing that only tattooed women would be allowed into the afterlife in the sky. Those without tattoos would be condemned to a bleaker afterlife underground known as Nuqurmiut.

Nordlum cautions against accepting these explanations without a grain of salt: Early research was mediated by non-Inuktitut speakers whose own languages may have been unfit to express Native beliefs and whose own cultures may have biased their translations.

Translated into English, for example, the tattoos lose much of their nuance. "We've got a pretty good handle on how our culture treated them, but how I verbalize that in English might not do it justice," says Nordlum, who hesitates to simplify the practice into a convenient "coffee-line answer" for anybody's benefit.

Yet even for those who don't speak the region's Indigenous languages and whose grasp on the precise meanings behind Inuit ink might be tenuous, the significance of the practice is as evident today as ever.

The pain of being tattooed has always been a rite of passage. There are two traditional methods: stitching, which entails sewing the skin, and hand-poking. Though cotton thread and Western needles have replaced materials like sinew, bone, and porcupine quills, some degree of pain is inevitable, particularly when it comes to tender areas like the face. For many modern Native women, much of that hurt is also emotional.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, European missionaries built boarding schools on Native land across the circumpolar Arctic. Native children were forced to attend and kept from their culture. Both Nordlum's mother and grandmother, neither of whom have tattoos, were raised at these schools. To this day, Nordlum's mother is not fluent in Iñupiaq.

To be tattooed now is to face a history of cultural erasure. It can be challenging, powerful, and cathartic. In many cases, it's also an intimate moment shared between Native women.

Nordlum's studio is attached to her house, which is usually full of women: her mother, neighbors, friends, elders, other tattoo artists. Often, the girls who come to get tattooed also bring a friend, creating a safe, sympathetic space to discuss the experiences "all Native Alaskan women have been through." Abuse and addiction are common themes, Nordlum notes.

Other times, Nordlum is alone with the women she tattoos, "and then there's tears and joy and understanding. Just having that understanding, and listening, and being able to cry together is such a powerful, healing thing," she says.

As a new generation of women is learning the art of Inuit tattooing, a closeness is being fostered among the women working to revive the practice. Nordlum apprenticed under Maya Sialuk Jacobsen, a tattoo artist from Greenland whom Nordlum got funding to bring to Alaska and who gave Nordlum her first tattoos. Sarah Ayaqi Whalen-Lunn, whom Nordlum works with almost daily in Anchorage, also trained under Jacobsen. Across the Arctic, in Canada, Hovak Johnston has been instrumental in casting new light on the practice through her Inuit Tattoo Revitalization Project, which inspired many of today's tattooers and tattooees.

"We all know each other," says Nordlum. "Even around the world we all know each other."

Though Native Arctic men were not traditionally tattooed as prevalently as women, Nordlum, who has two sons, also sees the value in opening up the practice to Native boys. "If you look at our statistics - incarceration, alcoholism, crime - it's all our men here in Alaska. Per capita, it's three times any other race."

Deciding to train her oldest son, now 20, was a difficult decision. It started by chance: Nordlum had asked him to fill in during a presentation at the Anchorage Museum after double-booking her time with a presentation in Toronto. Recognizing his enthusiasm for the practice, and appreciating his unique perspective, Nordlum has been organizing training sessions ever since.

At the end of the day, "Our men need help," she says. "If tattooing can help heal, and that gets them in the chair so they'll talk about their issues, I'm more concerned about helping our people than I am about sticking close to the tradition."

There are limits to widening the practice, however. The resurgence of Inuit ink within Native communities has also generated interest among Western enthusiasts. Some have even requested the tattoos. This has been controversial: A number of Native tattoo artists, and tattooed women, have spoken out against the appropriation of their culture while others, like Nordlum, have chosen to leave room for conversation.

"I guess it would matter which ones," she says on whether or not she would tattoo a non-Native person. "On the face? I would be very offended ... I know a few non-Native people here in Alaska who've done it, and it doesn't recognize either culture because they don't even know the meaning ... And they're not of that marginalized society. In fact, they're the reason ... So really it's just more stealing of something that's 10,000 years old."

Before women like Nordlum, Jacobsen, Lunn, and Johnston began working to revive the practice, Inuit tattoos were on the verge of dying out with the last tattooed elders. Now, these modern traditional tattoo artists are not only reviving but also evolving the practice. While each has her own perspective on how the ink should be treated in the 21st century, it's because of their collective effort that Native girls, and boys, can once again grow up admiring the heritage that was taken from them.

And that alone is worth celebrating with a new generation of Inuit tattoos.

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How Native Arctic women are taking back the art of Inuit tattoos

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Editor's note: The term "Inuit" is broadly used to refer to Native peoples from the circumpolar Arctic in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Though "Iñupiaq" and "Yupik" are the comparable terms for Native Alaskans, the use of "Inuit tattoos" in this article reflects the language commonly used by Native tattoo artists throughout the Arctic region.

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The UK : Le Brexit, la GB, l'Ecosse et l'Irlande

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The UK : Le Brexit, la GB, l'Ecosse et l'Irlande

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C'est l'une des conséquences largement impensée au moment où les britanniques choisissaient de quitter l'Union européenne, le 23 juin 2016 : la menace désormais bien réelle de voir le Royaume-Uni se désintégrer.

En effet, une fois le Royaume-Uni sorti de l'Union européenne, quel avenir pour une Ecosse dont les ressortissants ont voté à 62% pour y rester ?

Et quel statut pour la frontière nord-irlandaise, dont l'ouverture est garante, depuis l'Accord du Vendredi saint de 1998, de la paix dans cette région marquée par des décennies de violence ?

Trois ans plus tard, alors que les modalités du Brexit sont toujours inconnues, la première question conduit la dirigeante écossaise Nicola Sturgeon à demander un nouveau scrutin sur l'indépendance de sa nation, la seconde bloque carrément les négociations sur le Brexit.

Si le rapport à l'Union Européenne et le désir d'émancipation est indéniablement un moteur qui a conduit au Brexit, il ne faudrait pas occulter les tensions internes qui préexistaient dans le Royaume.En effet, en Irlande du Nord, l'accord de 1998 a amené la paix, mais pas la réconciliation. Il laissait en outre en suspens le statut final de la région, et c'est cette incertitude qui pose aujourd'hui problème.

En Ecosse, où l'autonomie culturelle et identitaire a toujours été admise, ce sont de profonds désaccords politiques avec l'Angleterre qui ont conduit les indépendantistes à gagner du terrain depuis les années 1970.

Dans quelle mesure les aspirations irlandaises à la réunification, et écossaises à l'indépendance, menacent-elles l'intégrité territoriale du Royaume-Uni ?

Existe-t-il une convergence entre ces deux aspirations ?

Alors que, parallèlement à celles-ci, resurgit en Angleterre un véritable nationalisme anglais, peut-on parler d'une identité britannique commune aux quatre nations du royaume, Angleterre, Ecosse, Pays de Galles et Irlande du Nord ?

Le Brexit exacerbe la tension structurelle fondatrice du Royaume-Uni. Philippe Cauvet

L'identité britannique est questionnée avec des tensions et des positionnements politiques. Philippe Cauvet

Extraits sonores :

- La Première ministre Écossaise Nicola Sturgeon : " L'espoir pour l'Ecosse c'est de devenir une nation indépendante " (Public Senat, 25 octobre 2019)

- Témoignage Écossais favorable à l'indépendance (France 5,10 avril 2019

- Témoignage Écossais hostile à l'Indépendance (RTBF, 29 novembre 2018)

- Témoignage " Je me sens plus européen que britannique. C'est typique des Écossais " (Public Sénat 25 octobre 2019)

- Nicola Sturgeon en meeting début novembre (The National, 02 novembre 2019)

- Cloina Mac Cartney, étudiante Nord-Irlandaise (Channel 4 News, 17 mai 2018)

- Chant " Celtic symphony "

Extraits musicaux :

- Musique de fin : " Nothing to be done " du groupe écossais The Pastels (Label : Homestead RDS)

- " Make Boom bap great again " de Pumpkin & Vince Da Cuero (label : Mentalow Music)-

Retrouvez les musiques diffusées dans l'émission sur notre playlist Soundsgood à télécharger sur Spotify, Deezer, Youtube, Napster :

Une émission préparée par Margaux Leridon et Rosalie Suc.

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Ecosse, Irlande : l'introuvable identité britannique - Ép. 2/4 - Du régionalisme à l'indépendantisme, qui est in qui est out

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Une fois le Royaume-Uni sorti de l'Union européenne, quel avenir pour une Ecosse dont les ressortissants ont voté à 62% pour y rester ? Et quel statut pour la frontière nord-irlandaise, dont l'ouverture est garante de la paix dans la région ? Existe-t-il une convergence entre ces deux [...]

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October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality

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October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality

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October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality

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NFL players kneel to protest during national anthem 2017 

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NFL players kneel to protest during national anthem 2017 

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(with script)

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CO bac anglais: NFL players kneel to protest during national anthem 2017 (with script)

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The Korean culture wave has swept through the editorial offices of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which has added more than 20 new words of Korean origin to its latest edition.

The "definitive record of the English language" included words alluding to the global popularity of the country's music and cuisine, plus one or two whose roots in the Korean language may be less obvious.

The K- prefix is prominently featured, as you might expect given that so many people outside of South Korea now listen to K-pop - which was added to the OED in 2016 - watch K-dramas or use K-beauty products.

The new words include hallyu - the Korean original for the wave of pop culture that has made BTS one of the world's most popular bands and Squid Game the Netflix sensation of 2021.

"The increase in international interest in South Korea and its popular culture, esp. as represented by the global success of South Korean music, film, television, fashion, and food," the dictionary says in its definition. "Also: South Korean popular culture and entertainment itself. Frequently as a modifier, as in hallyu craze, hallyu fan, hallyu star."

But as the dictionary's new additions make clear, there is much more to Korean cuisine than its spicy staple kimchi, which appeared in the OED as long ago as 1976. New food-related entries include bulgogi - thin slices of beef or pork - and chimaek - Korean-style fried chicken and beer.

Traditional culture is represented by hanbok - formal attire worn by both men and women - and Hangul, the Korean alphabet devised by King Sejong in 1443.

Aegyo, a certain kind of cuteness or charm considered characteristically Korean, and similar to the Japanese word kawaii, has been included as both a noun and adjective. There is room, too, for mukbang, or livestreams of people eating extraordinary amounts of food while talking to the online audience.

The inclusion of "skinship" is more surprising. Commonly used in South Korea, where it is rendered as seukinsip, and Japan ( sukinshippu) it captures the emotional bond that comes from close physical contact between a parent and child, lovers and friends, the dictionary said.

The OED said the inclusion of so many Korean words was recognition of a shift in language usage beyond the English-speaking world.

"The adoption and development of these Korean words in English also demonstrate how lexical innovation is no longer confined to the traditional centres of English in the United Kingdom and the United States," it said.

"They show how Asians in different parts of the continent invent and exchange words within their own local contexts, then introduce these words to the rest of the English-speaking world, thus allowing the Korean wave to continue to ripple on the sea of English words."

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K-beauty, hallyu and mukbang: dozens of Korean words added to Oxford English Dictionary

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The Korean culture wave has swept through the editorial offices of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which has added more than 20 new words of Korean origin to its latest edition. The "definitive record of the English language" included words alluding to the global popularity of the country's music and cuisine, plus one or two whose roots in the Korean language may be less obvious.

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“Believe in something,” Kaepernick said in the ad. “Even if it means sacrificing everything.” 

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“Believe in something,” Kaepernick said in the ad. “Even if it means sacrificing everything.” 

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Art court et pub

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Nike's Controversial Colin Kaepernick Ad Wins Emmy For Best Commercial

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The controversial Nike commercial featuring former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick won a Creative Arts Emmy for best commercial on Sunday. The ad, which infuriated President Donald Trump, pays homage to those who "dream crazy," in an extension of the brand's admonition to "just do it."

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'Ya cheekeh monkeh': recording Manchester accent diversity

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Greater Manchester is only about 30 miles from east to west but it has long been famed for its linguistic diversity: the rich rolling Rs and extra long "oos" of the northern mill towns where people looook in coook booooks are a world away from the nasal Mancunian drawl where your brother is "ahh kid" and words which end in a Y finish instead with an "eh" (ya cheekeh monkeh).

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Minnesota's top teacher who knelt during Monday night's college football championship game said it felt right "to have a very respectful protest."

Kelly Holstine, who won Minnesota's 2019 "Teacher of the Year" award, knelt in protest while being honored along with other teachers at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans.

Among those standing were President Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump.

"I just decided that it felt like the right thing to do, to have a very respectful protest," Holstine told The Hill on Wednesday.

Holstine said she was motivated to kneel during the anthem for communities that are supposedly oppressed under the Trump administration.

"I think the current environment that is being created and has been created in his tenure definitely adds to my feelings of wanting to support individuals who are not being supported," she said, adding: "I really feel like our country is not serving the needs of all its inhabitants ... so many humans right now that are not being given the respect and the rights that they deserve."

In a tweet recounting the event, Holstine quoted Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., writing: "No one is free until we are all free."

Holstine said she had consulted with other teachers beforehand and decided that it was not enough to simply not place her hand on her heart during the National Anthem.

She said that others who realized what she was doing were "very supportive."

"Not everybody is given the opportunity to have a voice, and I can take a small moment, a respectful moment of protest, and exercise my First Amendment rights, and stand up for my students and for vulnerable adults and for people who are not treated in the way that they should be," she said. "It feels like my responsibility to do that."
10 SPORTS MOMENTS THAT DEFINED THE DECADE: FROM 'THE DECISION' TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM PROTESTS
Former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sparked protests in 2016 by kneeling during the national anthem to protest police brutality and racial injustice. Trump called on NFL owners to fire any player who failed to stand during the national anthem.

Holstine was an English teacher at a Shakopee alternative high school when she was named Minnesota's Teacher of the Year for 2018-19. She is no longer a public school teacher.
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
Last year, she and another award-winning teacher, Jessica Duenas of Kentucky, skipped a White House ceremony for the national teacher of the year to protest the Trump administration's education policies.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Minnesota 'Teacher of the Year' kneels during anthem at college football championship: 'A very respectful protest

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Minnesota's top teacher who knelt during Monday night's college football championship game said it felt right "to have a very respectful protest." Kelly Holstine, who won Minnesota's 2019 "Teacher of the Year" award, knelt in protest while being honored along with other teachers at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans.

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nike's support of colin kaepernick has some destroying their shoes - cnn

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James Masters and Gianluca Mezzofiore, CNN

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Nike's support for Colin Kaepernick protest has some destroying their shoes

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Nike's decision to use Colin Kaepernick as the face of its latest advertising campaign has some sports fans burning with rage.

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The Aukus, therefore, comes in the backdrop of growing Five Eyes collaboration against China. Also, like India is up against military coercion by China in Ladakh, Australia is facing the brunt of Chinese economic coercion.

The strategic underpinnings of the nuclear submarine deal between the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom far outweigh the diplomatic kerfuffle around the agreement. And that too will eventually have to be resolved because the security logic guiding this idea rests within the Five Eyes, not so much Quad, though complementarities exist and are likely to only enhance.

Australia, US, Canada, UK and New Zealand form the Five Eyes, which is a powerful intelligence alliance of the Western deep state, which had been somewhat benign post-Cold War till the Chinese threat began to acquire worrying and dangerous proportions. At some point in the past five to six years, security and intelligence agencies guiding the Five Eyes changed their views on China, possibly prompted by Xi Jinping's policies.

Once that happened, the first big area of concern which emerged was 5G because it directly impinged on intelligence and security. New Zealand, it may be noted, has been a bit of an outlier, but the rest realised that Huawei was well-placed to steal the march on 5G tech prowess. Here onwards massive surveillance began on the Chinese hi-tech business activities, particularly Huawei.

Few things happened thereafter. Meng Wanzhou, top Huawei executive known as the 'princess of Huawei', was arrested by Canadian authorities in Vancouver on charges of fraud based on an US extradition request. This sparked off a diplomatic fracas, which continues, between China and Canada as well as the US. The next was the UK decoupling from its huge Huawei contracts, including those with British Telecom.

At first, it was reducing dependencies on Huawei and keeping it out of 5G. Of late, however, the British government has asked all telecom operators to start phasing out Huawei equipment. Australia too subsequently banned Huawei and ZTE from 5G networks.

The US clearly has been piloting this entire effort since the Donald Trump years, continuing into Joe Biden presidency. The Five Eyes, also in a rare public moment, delivered a joint statement last year against Chinese actions in Hong Kong.

Now in the instant case of the Aukus arrangement - between three Five Eyes partners - the conventional submarine deal in 2015-16 was being negotiated with Japan. It's said former Australian PM Tony Abott is believed to have assured his then Japanese counterpart Shinzo Abe that the submarines could be built in Japan. Abott's successor Malcom Turnbull, however, decided to scan the entire competition and zeroed in on DCNS, the French company, which was willing to make the submarines in Australia.

But a few developments appear to have changed the strategic picture. China's posturing on Australia turned aggressive, almost intimidating. Last year, it handed over a 14-point list of things it expected Canberra to reverse to improve the health of their bilateral relationship. This was also leaked to the media and has since been dubbed as China's charge sheet on Australia.

Here's a sample of some accusations: 5G ban on Huawei and ZTE; rejection of 10 Chinese investment projects during 2018-20 on security grounds; visa restrictions; 'interference' in Xinjiang and Uyghur affairs; first non-littoral country to make a statement to the UN on South China Sea and so on.

China simultaneously embarked on a trade war approach, placing restrictions on import of Australian products from wine to coal - a matter also discussed within the Five Eyes.

Besides this, the Chinese military started sending ships to monitor the US-Australia naval exercises through 2017-19. Australian defence minister Peter Dutton recently made a statement that this time China sent a second 'spy ship' for surveillance. This must be seen with the general increase in Chinese submarine surveillance in the Indo-Pacific.

The Aukus, therefore, comes in the backdrop of growing Five Eyes collaboration against China. Also, like India is up against military coercion by China in Ladakh, Australia is facing the brunt of Chinese economic coercion. This is a big distinction from European countries like France and Germany, which are not yet among the frontline countries up against clear and present danger from China.

If so, why is India not in the deal? Because New Delhi, unlike Canberra, is not militarily dependent on the US. It has a strong defence relationship with Russia, which includes a longstanding partnership on nuclear submarines. It's also working on developing indigenous capabilities. Yes, the US has the best N-sub technology but it does not share easily, which in India's case is complicated by partnership with Russia. Also, while India has a nuclear deal with the US, it does not cover transfer of military nuclear technology. Plus, India is not an NPT member.

Suffice to say, however, the deal complements the strategic logic that guides the Quad and in no way undermines it. With India, US and Australia planning on fanning more nuclear-powered subs in the Indo-Pacific, the surveillance and counteraction grid against China will project power as well as be a credible deterrent against Chinese adventurism.

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ET Analysis: Aukus powers up five eyes' anti-China plan, boosts Quad

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Australia, US, Canada, UK and New Zealand form the Five Eyes, which is a powerful intelligence alliance of the Western deep state, which had been somewhat benign post-Cold War till the Chinese threat began to acquire worrying and dangerous proportions.

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Unity and Plurality ! Nov 2021

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Barbados becomes a republic, renouncing British queen

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Barbados swears in its own president as head of state as Caribbean island distances itself from colonial past.

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Newsday - Barbados bids goodbye to the Queen - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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they're building an app that changes accents - cnn

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These former Stanford students are building an app to change your accent

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A startup called Sanas is developing technology that aims to reduce miscommunication by changing people's accents in real time.

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The rebirth of Britain’s ‘lost’ languages

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The rebirth of Britain’s ‘lost’ languages

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The rebirth of Britain’s ‘lost’ languages

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Welsh singer Gwenno’s new album is in Cornish, which is spoken by fewer than 1000 people. It’s one of many ‘lost’ languages being reborn, writes Holly Williams.

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Video 65% of South African parents want their children to be taught in English

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Video 65% of South African parents want their children to be taught in English

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The Compass - The Future of English - Too Much English? - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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CE Why Africa needs to return to its indigenous languages

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CE Why Africa needs to return to its indigenous languages

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Africa is home to diverse languages and culture. However, not all African countries acknowledge the indigenous language as official.

In some countries, the indigenous languages are banned from use in official and educational capacities. In some countries, primary schools pupils were punished for speaking their various indigenous languages in the classroom. They were either forced to walk around in sacks in Uganda or with a disc around their neck in Kenya. Others would be forced to write that they will not speak vernacular on the board over and over again.

However, there have been deliberate efforts by African countries to bring back indigenous languages into the educational system.

Zimbabwe announced the reintroduction of the Literature Bureau to promote the publication of literature in indigenous languages. The Bureau will now publish works from 11 previously marginalised languages including Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Shangani, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, which had been officially recognised as official in the 2013 Consitution. The languages will also be added to the curriculum.

In Kenya, education stakeholders opted to have mother tongue as the language of instruction in primary schools. The reasons behind this decision include ensuring the children not only concentrate in class but also enabling them to express themselves fluently.

Recently, a research platform announced that it would accept papers written in indigenous languages to ensure that African scientists are not left out of the publication cycle.

Some universities in South Africa feature local languages not only as a subject but also as a medium of instruction. Rhodes University even produced the first ever PhD holder Dr Hleze Kunju, who wrote his thesis in the Xhosa language.

All these initiatives further prove that there are deliberate efforts to restore the languages of the continent and prevent them from joining the list of extinct languages.

There have been opinions that African languages should be featured in all stages of learning even until university to ensure that there is a continuum of learning and use.

We are at an advantage as most Africans are already multilingual and thus have the ability to learn other languages as they grow up.

Turning to indigenous African languages is not only acknowledging our diversity but promoting it.

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Why Africa needs to return to its indigenous languages - Face2Face Africa

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Africa is home to diverse languages and culture. However, not all African countries acknowledge the indigenous language as official. In some countries, the indigenous languages are banned from use in official and educational capacities. In some countries, primary schools pupils were punished for speaking their various indigenous languages in the classroom.

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CE Why embracing indigenous languages could have major benefits for Kenya

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CE Why embracing indigenous languages could have major benefits for Kenya

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Why embracing indigenous languages could have major benefits for Kenya

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Research shows that mother tongue teaching is the most ideal tool for early child education.

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CE South African parents want their kids to be taught in English

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CE South African parents want their kids to be taught in English

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South African parents want their kids to be taught in English: What this tells us about the African identity - Face2Face Africa

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South African parents are not enthused by their children being educated in other official languages apart from English, a study finds. This development raises a question on the African identity vis-a-vis the influence of the English language. In an explanation of their findings that was first carried by Theconversation.com, researchers Jacqueline Harvey and Steven Gordon...

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National Hispanic Heritage Month, which runs through October 15, celebrates a population of 64 million people that's diverse, growing and constantly changing. But can a single term, whether it's Hispanic or Latino, describe a population of such varied ancestry, immigrant generations and geographic origin?

Mark Hugo Lopez is Director of Race and Ethnicity at the Pew Research Center, and Cristina Mora is a University of California, Berkeley sociology professor and author of Making Hispanics How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American.

Cristina, I want to start with you. As the title of your book suggests, these terms are of relatively recent origin. How did they come about? How did they start?

Cristina Mora, University of California, Berkeley: Well, the idea of Hispanic itself has a very long history in sort of the colonial projects of Spanish colonization. But the idea of it as a category in the United States that would be used to collect data and to identify a people really is at the latter half of the 20th century.

So really around the 1960s and 1970s, as Mexican, Puerto Rican, and even some Cuban populations rallied to sort of get together and ask that government start collecting their data. And of course, if government's going to collect their data and the state's going to be able to track, for example, Hispanic poverty rates or Mexican and Puerto Rican employment rates, for example, it had to be called something, right?

And, you know, my work and the book tracks, really. How did this category come to look at these populations, the Mexican American demands for data, the Puerto Rican demands for data, and see them as sort of a common set of communities that could be, you know, put together in an umbrella panethnic category that's large enough, right, to be compared to other groups like blacks and whites.

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Hispanic? Latino? How the language of identity is shifting over time

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Hispanic Heritage Month celebrates a U.S. population of 64 million that's diverse, growing and constantly changing. But can a single term like Hispanic or Latino describe a group with such varied ancestry and geographic origin? Mark Hugo Lopez from the Pew Research Center and Cristina Mora from UC Berkeley's Department of Sociology join John Yang to discuss.

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It's just gone 11.30m in Sydney and we're winding down our coverage today of the referendum vote in Australia.

If you haven't been following or are just logging on to see what happened, here's all you need to know about what transpired today:

A majority of Australians have rejected the Voice referendum, with a majority of people in all of the six states voting No

To succeed, the Yes campaign would have needed the support of at least four states, and a majority of the national votes

The Voice sought to establish an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander body to advise the government on the issues affecting their communities. As well as creating an advisory body, the amendment sought to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as Australia's First Peoples in its constitution.

Australia Capital Territory, which includes the capital Canberra, is the only region that has voted Yes to the reform. However, it does not count as a state vote, and only goes into the national tally

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said after the result that Australians need to find a way forward, and that the "moment of disagreement" does not define the people

South Australia's Opposition leader David Speirs called for PM Albanese to resign in the event of a resounding No vote from the Australian public

Yes campaign director Dean Parkin, in response to the result, said: "this is a base, not a summit. We will build on this." Yes supporters believe the reform would lead to real improvements - including healthcare and employment - in the lives of Indigenous peoples

No supporters argued that the Voice, a proposal to include an Indigenous-led elected advisory body in the parliament, was divisive, had not been "road tested" and was a "leap into the unknown"

Leading figure Warren Mundine in the No camp said the referendum was "built on a lie" and a waste of time and resources that could have been better spent on struggling communities

Thanks for staying with us until now.

And a huge thank you to all the reporters who have worked on bringing you this coverage. Reporting from Australia: Frances Mao, Tiffanie Turnbull, Hannah Ritchie, Katy Watson, Isabelle Rodd, Nicole Ng, and Simon Atkinson. And from our team in Singapore: Joel Guinto and Derek Cai.

More comments from opposition leader Peter Dutton who says that Australians would always reject a proposition which divided its people into different categories.

"One of the great attributes of the Australian public is that we all see ourselves as equal. It doesn't matter if you came six months ago, or 60 years ago, or have 65,000 years of ancestry in this country. We are all equal Australians," he said.

"I think the Australian public rejected the proposition to divide us on the basis of ancestry or race and that is a great thing for our country. We shouldn't shy away from that. Our nation's rulebook is incredibly important. It underpins the success of our country.

"Australians have stood up today to defend that, to defend our history and to make sure that our future is certain."

The strongest Yes vote - 73% - was in the city electorate of Melbourne, typically viewed as one of Australia's most liberal. The seat is held by the leader of the Australian Greens party, Adam Bandt.

Meanwhile, the strongest No vote - 84.1%- was in Maranoa, a rural electorate in country Queensland, which is the seat of Nationals leader David Littleproud. The Nationals are the junior partner of the conservative opposition coalition. Mr Littleproud was one of the prominent opposition politicians out campaigning today and criticising the Voice.

The national broadcaster is projecting that the No camp will win in Western Australia.

This means that all six states have rejected the passage of the Indigenous referendum.

In addition to a national majority, the Yes camp would have needed at least four out of six states to win - but it was clear just two hours after polls opened that this wasn't going to be the case.

Australia Capital Territory, where the capital Canberra is located, is the only region projected to have voted Yes to the reform. But territories are not state votes, and only count towards the national vote.

In light of the referendum results, the ABC earlier asked Warren Mundine, a leading figure in the vote No camp, if reconciliation is dead in Australia.

"No, just because a proposal put forward was rejected by the Australia public?" said Mr Mundine who is an Indigenous man.

"There are two things that I have heard in the polling booth is that people are sick of bad outcomes, and they are sick of governments making things up, they want it fixed," he said.

Mr Mundine said the referendum was a waste of time and resources, and should never have been called in the first place. "They were promised something that didn't exist," he said, "It was built on a lie that Aboriginal people did not have a voice."

"You sort of wonder why we spent hundreds of millions of dollars when we should have actually been spending that money on those communities that are struggling," he added.

Frances Mao

BBC News, Sydney

Aunty Shirley Lomas, in the room at the Yes campaign headquarters in Sydney, said she had grown up in a segregated Australia.

She said she was wearing blue, for autism, to represent her profoundly disabled son who received poorer health care and access as an Indigenous man.

"I don't understand people voting No - visceral voters will always vote No because they have a deep seated ingrained fear.

"But we won't go away. They've embarrassed themselves in front of the whole world.

"And tomorrow's another day. We'll be back. We're not going anywhere. We've been here all this time you won't push us around.

She said she wasn't despairing - "we'll just go back to the drawing board."

Australia's opposition leader Peter Dutton is speaking now.

"What matters now is this result does not divide us as a people. What matters is that we all accept the result in this great spirit of our democracy.

"All of us know people who have voted Yes and people who voted No, but to those of you who voted Yes, let me say these few words:

"As the leader of the Coalition, who has supported the No campaign, while I disagree with your position, I respect your decision to have voted yes."

Tiffanie Turnbull

BBC News, Darwin

Minutes after the projection that the Northern Territories had also voted No, the room here in Darwin fell silent as Prime Minister Anthony Albanese appeared on screen.

Several people cried, others shook their heads as he addressed the nation "I never imagined or indeed said that it would be easy. Very few things in public life worth doing are," he said.

"Just as the Uluru Statement from the Heart was an invitation extended with humility, grace and optimism for the future, tonight we must meet this result with the same grace and humility.

"And tomorrow we must seek a new way forward with the same optimism."

Australia's Prime Minister Anthony Albanese is addressing the nation on the outcome of the vote.

Click the play button above to watch live.

Australia Prime Minister Anthony Albanese is addressing the nation.

In his first comments he said that while he did not see the outcome he hoped for, he "absolutely respected" it.

Frances Mao

Reporting from Sydney

I'm at the Yes campaign headquarters as the director of the campaign Dean Parkin addresses the crowd gathered there. He thanked the estimated seven million Australians who voted Yes, and the 80,000 volunteers.

"This is a very difficult result, a hard result. Thank you to the millions who've joined us and accepted us in this movement. But obviously this was not the result we were seeking, not the result anyone of us wanted.

Campaigners and activists, supporters next to me had tears in their eyes. The man next to me was wiping tears from his face.

Mr Parkin addressed both the supporters in the room and those who voted No "with hardness in their hearts".

"What we've done in the seven months since this campaign took off, we've created a base of one million people a month, seven million Australians who voted Yes. We've now created a base of support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in this country. It is a base, not a summit. We will build on this."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Voice referendum live news: Australians reject historic Indigenous vote - BBC News

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Australian national broadcaster ABC has projected three states voted No, effectively defeating the referendum.

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It's just gone 11.30m in Sydney and we're winding down our coverage today of the referendum vote in Australia.

If you haven't been following or are just logging on to see what happened, here's all you need to know about what transpired today:

A majority of Australians have rejected the Voice referendum, with a majority of people in all of the six states voting No

To succeed, the Yes campaign would have needed the support of at least four states, and a majority of the national votes

The Voice sought to establish an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander body to advise the government on the issues affecting their communities. As well as creating an advisory body, the amendment sought to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as Australia's First Peoples in its constitution.

Australia Capital Territory, which includes the capital Canberra, is the only region that has voted Yes to the reform. However, it does not count as a state vote, and only goes into the national tally

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said after the result that Australians need to find a way forward, and that the "moment of disagreement" does not define the people

South Australia's Opposition leader David Speirs called for PM Albanese to resign in the event of a resounding No vote from the Australian public

Yes campaign director Dean Parkin, in response to the result, said: "this is a base, not a summit. We will build on this." Yes supporters believe the reform would lead to real improvements - including healthcare and employment - in the lives of Indigenous peoples

No supporters argued that the Voice, a proposal to include an Indigenous-led elected advisory body in the parliament, was divisive, had not been "road tested" and was a "leap into the unknown"

Leading figure Warren Mundine in the No camp said the referendum was "built on a lie" and a waste of time and resources that could have been better spent on struggling communities

Thanks for staying with us until now.

And a huge thank you to all the reporters who have worked on bringing you this coverage. Reporting from Australia: Frances Mao, Tiffanie Turnbull, Hannah Ritchie, Katy Watson, Isabelle Rodd, Nicole Ng, and Simon Atkinson. And from our team in Singapore: Joel Guinto and Derek Cai.

More comments from opposition leader Peter Dutton who says that Australians would always reject a proposition which divided its people into different categories.

"One of the great attributes of the Australian public is that we all see ourselves as equal. It doesn't matter if you came six months ago, or 60 years ago, or have 65,000 years of ancestry in this country. We are all equal Australians," he said.

"I think the Australian public rejected the proposition to divide us on the basis of ancestry or race and that is a great thing for our country. We shouldn't shy away from that. Our nation's rulebook is incredibly important. It underpins the success of our country.

"Australians have stood up today to defend that, to defend our history and to make sure that our future is certain."

The strongest Yes vote - 73% - was in the city electorate of Melbourne, typically viewed as one of Australia's most liberal. The seat is held by the leader of the Australian Greens party, Adam Bandt.

Meanwhile, the strongest No vote - 84.1%- was in Maranoa, a rural electorate in country Queensland, which is the seat of Nationals leader David Littleproud. The Nationals are the junior partner of the conservative opposition coalition. Mr Littleproud was one of the prominent opposition politicians out campaigning today and criticising the Voice.

The national broadcaster is projecting that the No camp will win in Western Australia.

This means that all six states have rejected the passage of the Indigenous referendum.

In addition to a national majority, the Yes camp would have needed at least four out of six states to win - but it was clear just two hours after polls opened that this wasn't going to be the case.

Australia Capital Territory, where the capital Canberra is located, is the only region projected to have voted Yes to the reform. But territories are not state votes, and only count towards the national vote.

In light of the referendum results, the ABC earlier asked Warren Mundine, a leading figure in the vote No camp, if reconciliation is dead in Australia.

"No, just because a proposal put forward was rejected by the Australia public?" said Mr Mundine who is an Indigenous man.

"There are two things that I have heard in the polling booth is that people are sick of bad outcomes, and they are sick of governments making things up, they want it fixed," he said.

Mr Mundine said the referendum was a waste of time and resources, and should never have been called in the first place. "They were promised something that didn't exist," he said, "It was built on a lie that Aboriginal people did not have a voice."

"You sort of wonder why we spent hundreds of millions of dollars when we should have actually been spending that money on those communities that are struggling," he added.

Frances Mao

BBC News, Sydney

Aunty Shirley Lomas, in the room at the Yes campaign headquarters in Sydney, said she had grown up in a segregated Australia.

She said she was wearing blue, for autism, to represent her profoundly disabled son who received poorer health care and access as an Indigenous man.

"I don't understand people voting No - visceral voters will always vote No because they have a deep seated ingrained fear.

"But we won't go away. They've embarrassed themselves in front of the whole world.

"And tomorrow's another day. We'll be back. We're not going anywhere. We've been here all this time you won't push us around.

She said she wasn't despairing - "we'll just go back to the drawing board."

Australia's opposition leader Peter Dutton is speaking now.

"What matters now is this result does not divide us as a people. What matters is that we all accept the result in this great spirit of our democracy.

"All of us know people who have voted Yes and people who voted No, but to those of you who voted Yes, let me say these few words:

"As the leader of the Coalition, who has supported the No campaign, while I disagree with your position, I respect your decision to have voted yes."

Tiffanie Turnbull

BBC News, Darwin

Minutes after the projection that the Northern Territories had also voted No, the room here in Darwin fell silent as Prime Minister Anthony Albanese appeared on screen.

Several people cried, others shook their heads as he addressed the nation "I never imagined or indeed said that it would be easy. Very few things in public life worth doing are," he said.

"Just as the Uluru Statement from the Heart was an invitation extended with humility, grace and optimism for the future, tonight we must meet this result with the same grace and humility.

"And tomorrow we must seek a new way forward with the same optimism."

Australia's Prime Minister Anthony Albanese is addressing the nation on the outcome of the vote.

Click the play button above to watch live.

Australia Prime Minister Anthony Albanese is addressing the nation.

In his first comments he said that while he did not see the outcome he hoped for, he "absolutely respected" it.

Frances Mao

Reporting from Sydney

I'm at the Yes campaign headquarters as the director of the campaign Dean Parkin addresses the crowd gathered there. He thanked the estimated seven million Australians who voted Yes, and the 80,000 volunteers.

"This is a very difficult result, a hard result. Thank you to the millions who've joined us and accepted us in this movement. But obviously this was not the result we were seeking, not the result anyone of us wanted.

Campaigners and activists, supporters next to me had tears in their eyes. The man next to me was wiping tears from his face.

Mr Parkin addressed both the supporters in the room and those who voted No "with hardness in their hearts".

"What we've done in the seven months since this campaign took off, we've created a base of one million people a month, seven million Australians who voted Yes. We've now created a base of support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in this country. It is a base, not a summit. We will build on this."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Voice referendum live news: Australians reject historic Indigenous vote - BBC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Australian national broadcaster ABC has projected three states voted No, effectively defeating the referendum.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects 

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Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Dialects of the Ngāti Porou version of te reo Māori that once flourished in the valleys and bays of the Tairāwhiti for hundreds of years may be about to undergo a revival thanks to artificial intelligence technology.

Barry Soutar, Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Āwa, has spent a career in the IT industry in the UK and is bringing that experience back to Gisborne. He's creating employment in the East Coast town through companies like Toro Technology, but he's also finally getting to implement an idea he's been carrying around in his head for over 20 years.

"It's a project that I remember getting asked about 25 years ago by Api Mahuika who was at the time the chair of the (Ngāti Pōrou) runanga and we talked about dialects. They had a very traditional approach to how to revitalise dialects, and I said, 'No, you just use computer technology.' And he said, 'What does that mean?' So I explained it to him 25 years ago.

"Back then it would have cost you $10 million and it would take you 10 years to develop that. Today, you can do it for under a million bucks and it'll take you probably about one or two years. That's how technology has changed."

Within Ngāti Porou's distinct dialect there are around six different dialects again that are distinguishable by different hapū in different parts of the Tairāwhiti. He says East Coast iwi have some of the richest archives of written manuscripts and audio recordings of the Māori language from the 1850s onwards.

"Given that the manuscripts exist and we know the authors by hapū, you're then able to use that with artificial intelligence to say, 'Out of the 75 grammatical structures in Māori, East Coast Māori, here are the top 20 that proliferate for these authors from Hiraharama. Here's the top 20 for the authors that come with Tīkitiki. Here's the top 20 [that] came from Tokomaru Bay.

"Then what you're also able to do is say 'Okay, out of the 15,000 words in the Williams Māori dictionary, here is the top 1000 words used, synonyms used by preference for the people from Hiruhārama, for the people from Tikitiki, from people that are from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay.

"Then what you're able to do is take the sound files from the archive recordings from 1940 through to today of native speakers from each of those areas and say, 'Here's the pronunciation of the vowels for those people from Hiruhārama versus those from Tikitiki, from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay. Here is the shape of the pronunciation.' Then you give your learner the opportunity to go and practise their reo until their shape becomes exactly the same as their grandfather's.

"This stuff is not rocket science, the algorithms and the way you would approach this stuff already pre-exists. Nobody's put it together."

The project grew out of a contract with the Ministry of Culture and Heritage to tell authentic Māori historical narratives using digital technology, which evolved into telling those stories in the dialect of particular iwi. Soutar says his background in computer technology and understanding of the language and the sources has allowed him to combine the different strands of knowledge in a way an outsider couldn't.

"You can have an overseas company come in and try and do this stuff. They'll fail, fail, fail, fail, because it's not authentic to a community. This is being led by a community, this is being led from Gisborne by real people who speak any one of the six dialects of the Tairāwhiti. They're just advantaged by having an international tech company that lives in Gisborne."

He doesn't think it will mean those who use the technology will be using a "frozen" version of the language. He says many second-language learners of Māori speak what he refers to as a Queen Street dialect, but have a hunger to speak the dialect of their grandparents.

"We're closing the gap between the native speakers of that era and the speakers of today. They will naturally morph over time. No human will stick to a snapshot in time. They won't be sitting on it."

Soutar says the ability to take what they learn from the project and apply it to other languages will depend on the data those other languages have to feed into AI technology. But he says research into DNA has created methodologies that can be used to fill in gaps in languages.

"Even with a low amount of data you can apply algorithms to make up for a data shortage."

He says the project is one he is personally invested in, but while there is potential to scale it up, language applications are not easy money.

"It's a business model that is challenging."

While it might appear there's a huge gap between a language that has origins that reach back thousands of years and a technology that is only recent, Māori used complex codes to navigate across the Pacific Ocean in the first place. Soutar says some of the most ancient chants and karakia are actually extremely precise navigational coordinates that go back thousands of years. The Austronesian peoples, who originated in Taiwan, navigated the largest ocean in the world to populate remote islands, for which they had to have precise and sophisticated language and understanding. Those who didn't would not survive.

"When we've decoded some of the oldest karakia, they give us the explicit sailing instructions to an explicit island in the Austral group up south of Tahiti. It's that precise. These guys' formulas are for success, because to succeed, you have to survive.

"In the cultures that we came from you can still see it written right throughout all of our cultural artefacts, the number one thing in our culture was the horizon.

"You look at Inuits, and they have 70 synonyms for snow.

"In Māori, the horizon line, the inch above it - the clouds - and the inch below it - the colour of the sea - we have 350 synonyms. That tells you something about a culture, why the horizon was always the number one thing.

"You don't go and tell somebody a formula that's just poetic. He's going to die. You just give him straight codified formulas for success, encoded in how you actually tell the story, and it's genealogy.

"People think of our Māori culture as something that birthed when it arrived into New Zealand from eastern Polynesia.

"It's a minimum 10,000 years old, shared with so many other people."
*Made with the help of the Public Interest Journalism Fund*

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Aaron Smale reports on how artificial intelligence may provide a way for Māori to learn the dialects of their grandparents.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.subject
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Dialects of the Ngāti Porou version of te reo Māori that once flourished in the valleys and bays of the Tairāwhiti for hundreds of years may be about to undergo a revival thanks to artificial intelligence technology.

Barry Soutar, Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Āwa, has spent a career in the IT industry in the UK and is bringing that experience back to Gisborne. He's creating employment in the East Coast town through companies like Toro Technology, but he's also finally getting to implement an idea he's been carrying around in his head for over 20 years.

"It's a project that I remember getting asked about 25 years ago by Api Mahuika who was at the time the chair of the (Ngāti Pōrou) runanga and we talked about dialects. They had a very traditional approach to how to revitalise dialects, and I said, 'No, you just use computer technology.' And he said, 'What does that mean?' So I explained it to him 25 years ago.

"Back then it would have cost you $10 million and it would take you 10 years to develop that. Today, you can do it for under a million bucks and it'll take you probably about one or two years. That's how technology has changed."

Within Ngāti Porou's distinct dialect there are around six different dialects again that are distinguishable by different hapū in different parts of the Tairāwhiti. He says East Coast iwi have some of the richest archives of written manuscripts and audio recordings of the Māori language from the 1850s onwards.

"Given that the manuscripts exist and we know the authors by hapū, you're then able to use that with artificial intelligence to say, 'Out of the 75 grammatical structures in Māori, East Coast Māori, here are the top 20 that proliferate for these authors from Hiraharama. Here's the top 20 for the authors that come with Tīkitiki. Here's the top 20 [that] came from Tokomaru Bay.

"Then what you're also able to do is say 'Okay, out of the 15,000 words in the Williams Māori dictionary, here is the top 1000 words used, synonyms used by preference for the people from Hiruhārama, for the people from Tikitiki, from people that are from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay.

"Then what you're able to do is take the sound files from the archive recordings from 1940 through to today of native speakers from each of those areas and say, 'Here's the pronunciation of the vowels for those people from Hiruhārama versus those from Tikitiki, from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay. Here is the shape of the pronunciation.' Then you give your learner the opportunity to go and practise their reo until their shape becomes exactly the same as their grandfather's.

"This stuff is not rocket science, the algorithms and the way you would approach this stuff already pre-exists. Nobody's put it together."

The project grew out of a contract with the Ministry of Culture and Heritage to tell authentic Māori historical narratives using digital technology, which evolved into telling those stories in the dialect of particular iwi. Soutar says his background in computer technology and understanding of the language and the sources has allowed him to combine the different strands of knowledge in a way an outsider couldn't.

"You can have an overseas company come in and try and do this stuff. They'll fail, fail, fail, fail, because it's not authentic to a community. This is being led by a community, this is being led from Gisborne by real people who speak any one of the six dialects of the Tairāwhiti. They're just advantaged by having an international tech company that lives in Gisborne."

He doesn't think it will mean those who use the technology will be using a "frozen" version of the language. He says many second-language learners of Māori speak what he refers to as a Queen Street dialect, but have a hunger to speak the dialect of their grandparents.

"We're closing the gap between the native speakers of that era and the speakers of today. They will naturally morph over time. No human will stick to a snapshot in time. They won't be sitting on it."

Soutar says the ability to take what they learn from the project and apply it to other languages will depend on the data those other languages have to feed into AI technology. But he says research into DNA has created methodologies that can be used to fill in gaps in languages.

"Even with a low amount of data you can apply algorithms to make up for a data shortage."

He says the project is one he is personally invested in, but while there is potential to scale it up, language applications are not easy money.

"It's a business model that is challenging."

While it might appear there's a huge gap between a language that has origins that reach back thousands of years and a technology that is only recent, Māori used complex codes to navigate across the Pacific Ocean in the first place. Soutar says some of the most ancient chants and karakia are actually extremely precise navigational coordinates that go back thousands of years. The Austronesian peoples, who originated in Taiwan, navigated the largest ocean in the world to populate remote islands, for which they had to have precise and sophisticated language and understanding. Those who didn't would not survive.

"When we've decoded some of the oldest karakia, they give us the explicit sailing instructions to an explicit island in the Austral group up south of Tahiti. It's that precise. These guys' formulas are for success, because to succeed, you have to survive.

"In the cultures that we came from you can still see it written right throughout all of our cultural artefacts, the number one thing in our culture was the horizon.

"You look at Inuits, and they have 70 synonyms for snow.

"In Māori, the horizon line, the inch above it - the clouds - and the inch below it - the colour of the sea - we have 350 synonyms. That tells you something about a culture, why the horizon was always the number one thing.

"You don't go and tell somebody a formula that's just poetic. He's going to die. You just give him straight codified formulas for success, encoded in how you actually tell the story, and it's genealogy.

"People think of our Māori culture as something that birthed when it arrived into New Zealand from eastern Polynesia.

"It's a minimum 10,000 years old, shared with so many other people."
*Made with the help of the Public Interest Journalism Fund*

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Aaron Smale reports on how artificial intelligence may provide a way for Māori to learn the dialects of their grandparents.

# data[].attributes.headline
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.subject
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Dialects of the Ngāti Porou version of te reo Māori that once flourished in the valleys and bays of the Tairāwhiti for hundreds of years may be about to undergo a revival thanks to artificial intelligence technology.

Barry Soutar, Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Āwa, has spent a career in the IT industry in the UK and is bringing that experience back to Gisborne. He's creating employment in the East Coast town through companies like Toro Technology, but he's also finally getting to implement an idea he's been carrying around in his head for over 20 years.

"It's a project that I remember getting asked about 25 years ago by Api Mahuika who was at the time the chair of the (Ngāti Pōrou) runanga and we talked about dialects. They had a very traditional approach to how to revitalise dialects, and I said, 'No, you just use computer technology.' And he said, 'What does that mean?' So I explained it to him 25 years ago.

"Back then it would have cost you $10 million and it would take you 10 years to develop that. Today, you can do it for under a million bucks and it'll take you probably about one or two years. That's how technology has changed."

Within Ngāti Porou's distinct dialect there are around six different dialects again that are distinguishable by different hapū in different parts of the Tairāwhiti. He says East Coast iwi have some of the richest archives of written manuscripts and audio recordings of the Māori language from the 1850s onwards.

"Given that the manuscripts exist and we know the authors by hapū, you're then able to use that with artificial intelligence to say, 'Out of the 75 grammatical structures in Māori, East Coast Māori, here are the top 20 that proliferate for these authors from Hiraharama. Here's the top 20 for the authors that come with Tīkitiki. Here's the top 20 [that] came from Tokomaru Bay.

"Then what you're also able to do is say 'Okay, out of the 15,000 words in the Williams Māori dictionary, here is the top 1000 words used, synonyms used by preference for the people from Hiruhārama, for the people from Tikitiki, from people that are from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay.

"Then what you're able to do is take the sound files from the archive recordings from 1940 through to today of native speakers from each of those areas and say, 'Here's the pronunciation of the vowels for those people from Hiruhārama versus those from Tikitiki, from Tokomaru Bay, from Tolaga Bay. Here is the shape of the pronunciation.' Then you give your learner the opportunity to go and practise their reo until their shape becomes exactly the same as their grandfather's.

"This stuff is not rocket science, the algorithms and the way you would approach this stuff already pre-exists. Nobody's put it together."

The project grew out of a contract with the Ministry of Culture and Heritage to tell authentic Māori historical narratives using digital technology, which evolved into telling those stories in the dialect of particular iwi. Soutar says his background in computer technology and understanding of the language and the sources has allowed him to combine the different strands of knowledge in a way an outsider couldn't.

"You can have an overseas company come in and try and do this stuff. They'll fail, fail, fail, fail, because it's not authentic to a community. This is being led by a community, this is being led from Gisborne by real people who speak any one of the six dialects of the Tairāwhiti. They're just advantaged by having an international tech company that lives in Gisborne."

He doesn't think it will mean those who use the technology will be using a "frozen" version of the language. He says many second-language learners of Māori speak what he refers to as a Queen Street dialect, but have a hunger to speak the dialect of their grandparents.

"We're closing the gap between the native speakers of that era and the speakers of today. They will naturally morph over time. No human will stick to a snapshot in time. They won't be sitting on it."

Soutar says the ability to take what they learn from the project and apply it to other languages will depend on the data those other languages have to feed into AI technology. But he says research into DNA has created methodologies that can be used to fill in gaps in languages.

"Even with a low amount of data you can apply algorithms to make up for a data shortage."

He says the project is one he is personally invested in, but while there is potential to scale it up, language applications are not easy money.

"It's a business model that is challenging."

While it might appear there's a huge gap between a language that has origins that reach back thousands of years and a technology that is only recent, Māori used complex codes to navigate across the Pacific Ocean in the first place. Soutar says some of the most ancient chants and karakia are actually extremely precise navigational coordinates that go back thousands of years. The Austronesian peoples, who originated in Taiwan, navigated the largest ocean in the world to populate remote islands, for which they had to have precise and sophisticated language and understanding. Those who didn't would not survive.

"When we've decoded some of the oldest karakia, they give us the explicit sailing instructions to an explicit island in the Austral group up south of Tahiti. It's that precise. These guys' formulas are for success, because to succeed, you have to survive.

"In the cultures that we came from you can still see it written right throughout all of our cultural artefacts, the number one thing in our culture was the horizon.

"You look at Inuits, and they have 70 synonyms for snow.

"In Māori, the horizon line, the inch above it - the clouds - and the inch below it - the colour of the sea - we have 350 synonyms. That tells you something about a culture, why the horizon was always the number one thing.

"You don't go and tell somebody a formula that's just poetic. He's going to die. You just give him straight codified formulas for success, encoded in how you actually tell the story, and it's genealogy.

"People think of our Māori culture as something that birthed when it arrived into New Zealand from eastern Polynesia.

"It's a minimum 10,000 years old, shared with so many other people."
*Made with the help of the Public Interest Journalism Fund*

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Artificial intelligence revives Māori dialects

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Aaron Smale reports on how artificial intelligence may provide a way for Māori to learn the dialects of their grandparents.

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Americans Don't Understand English | The Jonathan Ross Show

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Jimmy Lai: Hong Kong tycoon found guilty in high-profile national security case

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The 78-year-old UK citizen was convicted of lobbying foreign governments to impose sanctions on HK and China.