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THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

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ORGANIC CHEM DOES NOT INVOLVE THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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ORGANIC CHEM DOES NOT INVOLVE THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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This is an inorganic reaction between H₂O₂ and KI (with some dish-soap), yielding elephant toothpaste.

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Some organic compounds are flammable.

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CARBON AS BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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CARBON AS BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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Definition:  Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon atoms.

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Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon, but does not include carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, carbides and the oxides of carbon.

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Formation of chains of atoms

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Where pairs of electrons are shared between two carbon atoms

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There are numerous different “families” of organic compounds. Each “family” is called a “homologous series”.

A homologous series is a group of compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula.

Examples:

Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

Haloalkanes (also called alkylhalides)

Alcohols

Carboxylic acids

Esters

Ketones

Aldehydes

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Homologous series have:

the same general formula

similar chemical properties - the same functional group

physical properties that change gradually as their molecular masses               increase

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Alkanes & Alkenes | Organic Chemistry | FuseSchool

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Made up of only carbons and hydrogens.

Can be saturated or unsaturated.

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THE NAME HAS THREE PARTS:

PREFIX

PARENT (ROOT CHAIN)

SUFFIX

Follow these steps to name an organic compound:
1.         Identify the longest chain containing the main functional group.

2.         Number the carbons in the chain - give it the parent name.

3.         Identify functional groups and side chains.

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Naming organic compounds using IUPAC Rules

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Naming organic compounds using IUPAC Rules

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In general, the base of the name reflects the number of carbons in the parent chain.

The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s) present on the parent chain.

The following suffixes must be used for these functional groups:

Alkanes - suffix = "ane"

Alkenes - suffix = ene"

Alkynes - suffix = "yne"

Haloalkanes - The modified name of the halogen is used in the prefix, and is     constructed by dropping the "ine" ending of the halogen's name and adding "o".

e.g:

fluorine becomes fluoro
chlorine becomes chloro
bromine becomes bromo
iodine becomes iodo

Alcohols - suffix = "ol"

Carboxylic acid - suffix =  "oic acid"

Esters - suffix = "oate"

Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituted groups of substituents.

Start numbering the continuous carbon chain closest to the functional group, otherwise closest to a substituted group. (A functional group always "trumps" a substituted group in the numbering of the chain)

The substituted groups are named in alphabetical order in the naming, together with the numbered carbon they are attached to.

Prefixes (di, tri, tetra for example) used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.

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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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MOLECULAR FORMULA

STRUCTURAL FORMULA

SEMI-STRUCTURAL FORMULA

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA

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Examples of structural vs condensed structural formulae:

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Examples of structural vs condensed structural formulae:

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DEF:
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.

EXAMPLES:

2-methylpropane and butane are isomers of each other.

pent-1-ol and pent-3-ol are isomers of each other.

propanoic acid and metyl ethanoate are isomers of each other. (see below for an example)

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isomers - functional (carbox acid and ester).JPG

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Chain isomers

Positional isomers

Functional isomers

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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Boiling point = The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric pressure.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.

Melting point = The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point.

Vapour pressure = The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapour pressure.

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The more carbons in the chain, the more electrons in the molecule.

This creates greater momentary dipoles within the molecule.

It induces momentary dipoles in the neighboring molecules.

This generates stronger intermolecular London Forces between molecules.

More energy is required to overcome the stronger London forces.

Hence the boiling point increases with more carbons in the alkane chain.

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Organic hydrocarbon model practical practice assessment

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REACTION WITH OXYGEN

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GCSE Science Chemistry (9-1) Crude oil and Hydrocarbons

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ORGANIC NOTES - FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

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ORGANIC NOTES - FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

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HYDROGENATION REACTION ANIMATED

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GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Reactions of Alkenes 2" (Triple)

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#ScienceHumor

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You must be comfortable with the concepts of:

Representation (Molecular, structural, condensed structural formula)

Homologous series

Functional groups

Substituents

Physical properties (Bonding and intermolecular forces)

Chemical properties (Reactions)

IUPAC naming:

1. Naming and drawing of organic compounds is restricted to one type of functional group per compound and to a maximum of two functional groups of the same type per compound, except for haloalkanes, where a maximum of two different halogen substituents (e.g. bromo- and chloro-) are allowed per molecule.

2. The only substituent chains that are allowed in naming and reactions are: methyl- and ethyl- groups.

3. A maximum of THREE substituent chains (alkyl substituents) are allowed on the alkane, alkene, haloalkane, alcohol or carboxylic acid parent chain.

4. When naming haloalkanes, the halogen atoms do not get preference over alkyl groups.

5. Numbering should start from the end nearest to the first substituent, either the alkyl group or the halogen. In haloalkanes, where e.g. a Br and a Cℓ have the same number when numbered from different ends of the chain, Br gets alphabetical preference.

6. When writing IUPAC names, substituents appear as prefixes written alphabetically (bromo-, chloro-, ethyl-, methyl-), ignoring the prefixes di- and tri-.

7. When writing IUPAC names, the following conventions must be followed:

Numbers are separated from letters using a dash (−).

Numbers are separated from numbers using a comma (,).

Letters are not separated at all (i.e. no space is used), with the exceptions being esters (e.g. methyl ethanoate) and carboxylic acids (e.g. propanoic acid).

1. In some (especially smaller) molecules numbering becomes redundant, but redundancy will not be penalised. For example, methylbut−2−ene may be written as 2−methylbut−2−ene without penalty. The only exception to this is if numbering is always redundant, e.g. for a carboxylic acid: butan−1−oic acid will be penalized, as it must be written as butanoic acid.

2. For phonic purposes, the vowel "e" is generally removed from the name before the suffix, e.g. butan−1−ol instead of butane−1−ol. But this is not done for diols, e.g. butane−1,2−diol is correct, and not butan−1,2−diol.

3. For phonic purposes, the vowel "a" must be added to the name before the suffix for dienes, e.g. buta−1,3−diene is correct, and not but−1,3−diene.