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Stretched from Mogadishu to Sofala, became center of trade in east Africa, gold, slaves, & ivory from inland East Africa, sailors found new trade routes

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Social structure based on family/economy = mixed farming (overfarming leads to decline

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Created gov't under the royal court & local chiefs had authority as long as they did not undermine Songhai

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1. Centered in E. Mali on Niger River (Capital - Gao)

2. Founder --> Sonni Ali (converted to Islam - which became main religion & Muslims were at the top of the Social Pyramid)

3. Fall of Songhai: Morocco used guns (from Spain) to invade Songhai to take it’s rich trade routes (late 1500s)

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Mansa Musa, made of money (gold-salt trade), king of Mali, was a muslim, went to Mecca

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1. King Sundiata (1230 - 1255) expanded kingdom to be as great as Ghana

2. Farming in the savanna region so Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion, & learning

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Famers, trans-sarharan trade, divine right monarchy

trade & islam ended their rule

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Cultural Diffusion & increase use of camels 

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Cultural Diffusion & increase use of camels 

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Camels & caravans

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1.  “people” who migrated throughout the sub-Saharan areas & had their own language
2. Animistic (religion)
3. By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator

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1. Annual rainfall of up to 17ft

2. Rapid decomposition (very humid)

3. Covers 37 countries

4. 15% of land surface of Africa

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11,700,000 square miles
& 10% of the world’s population