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Inspirational leadership based on the personal qualities or charisma of the leader and the manner in with be leadership influence is exercised. inspiration pulls subordinates towards something in their heart, mind or spirit. they are inspired by a person, an event and circumstances. for example, the head of department in Pusat Sejahtera needs to be a good leader and have good discipline during their works. the action that they have done will be an example to the other nurses follow and do the task in the good condition like the head of department had do. so all the nurses will be a good workers and do a task smoothly.

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TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY

Transactional Leadership Theory is focusing on supervision, organization and performance in organization. This theory related to leaders that promote compliance by followers through both rewards and punishment. As usual, best employee will receive rewards while punishment will accept by employee that not follow rules. This can motivate employees to perform better in work . The punishment will make they not in their comfortable zone.

Relate to how employees can improve safety behavior at work, leader/manager can remind to their employees about safety rules at work everyday before employees start their work. Attract them with rewards for those always follow the safety rule. Then, threatening to give punishment for those that not serious in safety rules when working. This can make they feel to practice the safety rules when doing their job and not trying to "cheat" or not practising safety rules because fear to the punishment.

Second , for example at Pusat Sejahtera USM . The matron (chief nurse) can make survey to their patient to give feedback about the quality of work and safety at Pusat Sejahtera that provided by the workers. Patient are freely to give criticism or praise to any nurse. From the survey, matron can know which nurse are practising safety and which not. So, for those that are not practising safety, matron can call them and give warning or punishment. For that, they will improve their quality or work and safety because don't want to face any punishment.

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Situational Leadership Theory
Situational Leadership Theory is a leadership style when the leader or manager of an organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. In situational leadership, the style may change continually to meet the needs of others in organization based on the situation.

Employees safety behaviour at work can be improved by:
- When the leader is using situational leadership theory, employees feel more comfortable approaching leader about safety concerns.
- Employees feel they are trusted to work safely and avoid unnecessary risks.
- Provides autonomy and flexibility in deciding how to safely handle a task.
- Encourage employee morale and engagement in the safety culture through personal relationship.

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Path-goal Theory
Path-goal Theory is a contingency theory that is more complex than Fiedler’s. It posits that subordinate job performance and job satisfaction result from the interplay of situational characteristics, subordinate characteristics, and supervisor style. The basic idea, which is based on expectancy theory, is that the supervisor can enhance the motivation and job satisfaction of subordinates by providing rewards for good job performance and by making it easier for subordinates to achieve their tasks goals. Supervisor can accomplish this by adopting one of four supervisor styles which is supportive style. This style is similar to the Ohio State Leadership Studies style of consideration. It involves showing concern for the needs and welfare of subordinates.

How employee’s safety behavior at work can be improved?

Based on this theory, employees’ safety will be enhanced by the supportive style practiced by the supervisor. This support style includes concern to the needs and welfare of employees. The supervisors who supportive will necessarily ensure the safety, health and welfare of the employees are guaranteed by improving the workplace safety level. Besides, welfare such as sick leave or medical requirements will be provided by the supervisor for the employees. With the consideration of employees' needs, it will be able to increase motivation, job performance and job satisfaction.

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Nabilatulnadia Binti Zamri (IUSM 1617/1318/2)

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Nabilatulnadia Binti Zamri (IUSM 1617/1318/2)

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Transactional leadership theory
Effective safety leadership is about maintaining a balance between caring and controlling. It show that they genuinely care about people by involving everyone in safety, showing appreciation, listening to their followers and acting on relevance information.
The transactional leaders clarify the relationships between performance and consider followers to be responsible for their work, and use performance monitoring with consequences management such as coaching and providing support to reinforce people's behavior.
For example, a company of IPSC, USM must provide a supportive environment and sufficient resources to managers so that they can address the known hazard/risks and coaching their workers to do the right thing while facing a incidents to maximize their workers safety and health.

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Mohd Khairuddin Bin Jailani (137304)
Situational leadership theory

Situational Leadership Theory is the leader trying to influence their follower by adjusting the style of development.

By using this Situational Leader ship Theory its can help to improve workers, leader can tell their follower to particapate the all safety or management programme that have been made by organizational. For example, safety and health programme can show the imortant of using PPE among workers to protect themselve.

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Situational Leadership Theories

Situational leadership theories are  the leader or manager of an organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. Situational theory are the leader choose the best course of action based on the situation.

How can situational leadership improve workplace safety?
This type of leadership theories can improve workplace safety by using these four type of leadership approaches such as telling, selling, participating and delegating. For example, Telling are directive and authoritative approach where leader make decision and tells employees what to do. For example , the manager make decision that cleaner must wear PPE when they doing their job in order to prevent anything dangerous happen to the cleaners.

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Contingency Leadership Theory

Contingency leadership theory, emphasizes different variables in a specific setting that determine the style of leadership best suited for the said situation. It is founded on the principle that no one leadership style is applicable to all situation. Good leadership not only possess the right qualities but they are also able to evaluate the needs of their followers and the situation at hand. In summary, the contingency theory suggests  that great leader ship is a combination of many key variable.

How this theory can improved employee's safety and behaviour at work place, those leaders who apply or adapted this theory are always be aware in any situation and prepared in any situation. For example, the leader or manager should aware or alert where the emergency exit in case of emergency or fire happen. Besides, a good leader need to brief the staff under his or her accordingly where is the fire extinguisher and also should provide staff life emergency contact numbers in case they stuck in the middle of the lift. the organisation should provide a memo or notice of emergency contact numbers such a nearest police station, ambulance or security officers.

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Contingency Leadership Theory
Contingency theory is a general theory which says that there is no singular best way to structure the organization and lead their team. Instead, the best way to do this will be contingent on the situation. So, contingency theories examine how best to run their team or organization based on different situations in order to guide them and lead to the success of the organization by following their leader in such good way that matches between how the manager can lead their worker and how their worker respond in certain situations.
For example, in terms of safety of workers in the organization, manager need to be aware of needs that the worker should follow or use to prevent themselves from anything that unexpected will happen when run the job such as dangerous workplace that mostly need 100% attention of safety aspect.

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Nadia Ezzatul Azni binti Ahmad Fauzi (137322)

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Nadia Ezzatul Azni binti Ahmad Fauzi (137322)

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Great Man Theory / Heroes Theory
This theory describe about leadership that occur in naturally born or not. This theory also usually consist with male quality like military leadership due to it first use and became an ideas since 19th century  where they are easily influence others or influenced by others because they are dedicated leader which give an inspiration to the followers, they also has extraordinary and natural attributes such as courage, caliber, highly intelect. For example, like Abraham Lincoln and Julius Caesar.
This theory may help and improve employees safety behaviour at work when the leader has been inspired by others where they proud and feeling optimistic to change their behaviour like the leader, for example, a leader show emphaty and open minded behaviour where others see him/her as a leader that can be closed too in showing their gratitute and respectation, when they are grateful and respect the leader, they also may respect others and any unsafety behaviour like harassment, discrimination and stereotype may not occur in workplace. As a result they can work happily and safely without stress.

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Great Man Theory/ Great Person Theory

This theory explain that a leaders are born with the right traits and abilities for leading (example: Mahatma Gandhi). This leader have their charisma, intellect, confidence, communication and social skills. This leader are naturally are great leaders that no need to be intellectually genius to succeed, but should have the right stuff(special ability) which is not equally present in all people.

This kind of leader can improve employee's safety behavior with:

*the leader provide a guidelines to the worker to follow the safety rules. As a good leader, it is important to briefing their worker when enter the organization about safety rules that should be practicing in a right way.

*To maintain the worker's safety in the workplace, a leader must always observe their worker and try to communicate with the worker to get a feedback and know the worker's condition when doing their job. This observation may help the leader to do any improvement in their employee's safety especially for the workplaces that tend to occur accidents like construction sites.

*A leader should concern about their employee's health to reduce the problem of workplace accidents. A leader can use their social skills to improve their relationship with worker so they can know the employees health condition from time to time.

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Nur Farhani Bt Mohd Zahir (IUSM 1617/1312/1)

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Nur Farhani Bt Mohd Zahir (IUSM 1617/1312/1)

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Transformational leadership theory

Transformational leadership is an theories in which a leader inspires and motivates team members to create positive changes within an organization.

This theory can motivate superior employee task and performance by creating a positive vision of the organization’s future, empowering employees, and placing importance on their needs.

For example , a manager of a construction site was important for construction site safety performance in case of occupational injuries on employee safety and work behaviour among employees.Furthermore,Unsafe acts lead to construction accidents, and increasing safety behavior is essential to reduce accidents.

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Mohd Hanizam Bin Mohamad Noor (IUSM 1617/1316/2)

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Mohd Hanizam Bin Mohamad Noor (IUSM 1617/1316/2)

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Transactional Leadership Theories

Transactional theory focuses on results, conforms to the existing structure of an organization and measures success according to that organization system of reward and penalties. This theory have formal authority and positions of responsibility in an organization. This type of leader is responsible for maintaining routine employee at work.

These leaders do tend to be good at setting expectations and standards that maximize the efficiency and productivity of an organization. They tend to give constructive feedback regarding follower performance that allows group members to improve their output to obtain better feedback and reinforcement. For example, if fire happened at workplace where leader needs to be on accomplishing certain tasks. By assigning clearly instruction to employee and look out for errors in order to correct them.

This relationship between leader and employee is based on theories that assume individuals are self-motivated to do their tasks and need structure, instruction and supervision to accomplish their jobs. The theory also postulates that workers will perform their tasks as the transactional leader wants them to do in exchange for the leader's offering something that the workers want.

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Ibnu Qamarullail Bin Malik (IUSM 1617/1308/1)

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Ibnu Qamarullail Bin Malik (IUSM 1617/1308/1)

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Cognitive resource theory
This theory explains that if the leader is experienced he will be able to perform effectively even under the stressful situations whereas an intelligent leader performs well in less stressful situation. If the leader have an experience it will helps the employees by provide safe work area for them.

An example on the organization pantry, the leader experience or saw a knife place in the drawer and someone was injured when he/she open the drawer and took the knife. so to prevent that happen again the leader will provide a good knife holder on the pantry to solve the problem.

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Muhammad Ridhauddin bin Mohd Yusof (IUSM 1617/1311/1)

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Muhammad Ridhauddin bin Mohd Yusof (IUSM 1617/1311/1)

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Situational Theory
Situational theory proposes that effective leadership requires a rational understanding of the situation and an appropriate response, rather than a charismatic leader with a large group of dedicated followers (Jim Allen McCleskey, 2014) . Work on the assumption that the most effective style of leadership change from situation to situation.

for example, some employees function better under a leader who is more autocratic and directive. for others, success will be more likely if leader can step back and trust his team to make decisions and carry out plan without the leader's direct involvement. When employees got talented in firefighter, leader will pass to that person to conduct they group in make a decision When the occurrence of fire in the building.

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Contingency Theories
Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. Which means if the employees have low moral, or not motivated the management can use any type of leadership to get the employees back on track. The management also can use coercive power to control the employees.

How this related to SAFETY and HEALTH?
1) If the working environment is in a good conditions, the employees have high moral and motivated. The management can use transactional theory. As to create more good relationship with employees. For example, The leader must  being a role model. By wearing a helmet in the construction site. Wear safety glasses, boots, any many other safety equipment. Although, they come for a short period of time. This is very important to show the workers the important of safety in the workplace.

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Transformational Leadership Theory

Transformational leadership theory deals with leader who have considerable an unusual influence over their followers. A transformational leader is one who leads by inspiring others to adopt high goals and strive to achieve them. The leader articulates a vision for follower and encourages them to pursue it.

Transformational leader, workers will understand that leader care about them, their health, and their safety, which will allow them to work in a safer and healthier way. A transformational leader will emphasize that what they care about is the people who might be getting hurt.  For example owner Café must to make sure that no one workers gets hurt while working there. This is because when a leader can show that they care about their workers, the workers are more likely to care about customers, which will positively impact business outcomes.

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Contingency Leadership theory
Contingency Leadership theory: Taking the cue from the situational approach of leadership that any one of the single styles cannot be considered for suitable for all situation for all kind of subordinates, Contingency Model leadership assumes that the effectiveness of the leadership is based on the ability to act in term of situational requirements.

In the organization, the leaders act to the situations with their effectiveness to lead the situation with their followers. The leader has responsibilities to improve employees' safety behavior in the workplace.

For example, provide all the necessary safety and security arrangements at the workplace and distribution of workplace code of conduct policy and strict implementation by the employees.

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Situational Theory of Leadership

Situational Theory of leadership is a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on his ability to modify his management behaviour to the level of his subordinates’ maturity or sophistication. The leader place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the empowerment with the people they are leading, and depending on what is needed to get the job done successfully.

There are 4 types of Situational Leadership Styles

1.      Telling/Directing

The leader will make the decision without consulting subordinates. They will inform the team of their decision they made and expect the team to carry out their instruction. For example, the leader will teach the employees what they need to do, and give them clear direction and guidance. Employees need to follow and simply do what they need to do. The supervisor in a café will give guidance to the new employees about the safety behaviours such as use safety glove during taking hot dish out from the oven.

2.      Selling/Coaching

Coaching is a leadership skill which the leader will define the roles and tasks of the employees. Leader will sells his ideas, and leaves the implementation to his subordinates. For example, the supervisor will give the employees about his idea, but he will listen to employee’s opinion as well, at the same time supervisor will make correction to employee’s opinion when they did any mistake. In café, supervisor will teach the employees arrange the coffee powder in the store room with a safety arrangement. This is to avoid the possibilities of employees injured due to falling of the heavy coffee powder from the top of the rack.

3.      Participating/Counselling

This is the style which leader will adjusts their style to reflect a more democratic stance and focuses further on relationship and less on task direction. Leader will give more responsibility for the employees to make decision, he will provide some direction and support to the employees while completing the task. After completed the task, the leader will give some feedback to the employees as return and at the same time this will increase the motivation of employees with leader’s praise. The decision will be make together. For example, supervisor will praise the employees in cafe when they have completed the task because employees have concern about the safety issues.

4.      Delegating

The leader are responsible for their teams, but provide minimum guidance to workers or helps to solve problems. The leader will delegates goal creation and decision making to the team such as setting goals, competently get on with the task, creating plans and executing them autonomously. For example, the supervisor give the authority to the employees to design or have a new café setting and prevent safety hazard occur such as tripping which arrange equipment with enough area to walk through without falling or bumping.

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Adaptive Leadership Theory
Adaptive Leadership theory is a leadership that help organization or individual thrive amidst uncertain change. There are someone who can mobilizes people to take on tough challenge in the workplace. For example, the layout of the dental department of Pusat Sejahtera change, it will be a different environment for the nurse to adapt with it. Maybe it take a time for nurse to adapt with the new environment and layout. So it is important for someone to guide them for a while. It is because to make sure that the performance of the nurse still maintain and ensure the safety of the nurse at the workplace.

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Transformational Leadership Theory
Transformational Leadership Theory is a relatively approach to leadership that focuses on how leaders can create valuable and positive changes in their followers. They focused on helping every member of the group succeed as well. The transformational leader can builds relationships with followers through interactive communication. For example, the leader in coffee shop giving briefing to employee about the safety behaviour at work so that they are able to understand the importance of manage their safety in the coffee shop.

Besides that, the employee will believed the leader only when the leader practices what he preached. The leader act as role models that followers seek to emulate. For example, the leader will using the safe lifting techniques when replacing heavy stock in the coffee shop. The employee will followed what the leader do. Therefore, it can reduce the risk of getting injuries to the back of employee.

Transformational leader can demonstrate genuine concern for the needs and the feelings of helping the employees. The  transformational leader can point out the problem of member working in a group and the leader can work towards training and developing a follower who is having difficulties with job scope. For example, the leader can sending the employee attend the training if the employee is lack of understanding about the operating of coffee machine. It can reduce the risk of getting injuries in workplace after the employee getting training.

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Relationship Theory of Leadership

This theory shows that leader are care about the relationship, well-being and motivation of employees. It encourage good teamwork and collaboration through fostering positive relationship and good communication. For example, team members are more willing to take risk on certain task because they know their leader will provide assistance throughout the process.

To improve employees’ safety behaviour at work

The leader who using this theory are mostly being respect about the employees in the company because the employees feel appreciated. This leader who execute this theory is easier to influence employees to change their weaknesses to be better. For example, the supervisor can talk and discuss the health and safety issue easily with the employees and do not be seen as criticism from top management. In this condition, the employees will be more willing to take the advice and try to make improvement on their current bad behaviour.

Other than that, this theory emphasis on relationship among people in the group. Strong relationship within people allow the employees to always take care of other’s safety and more willing to say out what that others have done wrong or the behaviour that shouldn’t be done. For example, barista who have the experience of burnt during operating the coffee machine will always reminded his colleague to aware of it and the correct way of using it. This can reduce the risk to be injured and hence improved the safety behaviour at work.

Lastly, to improve the safety behaviour at work, the organization can provide group training to employees. For example, first aid training and demonstrations on how to do during emergency situations. Employees with strong relationship and good communication and add on with the knowledge of certain skills such as analytical skills during emergency learnt during training, the employees can cooperate to do good things. For example, the employees know how to do when there are somebody in the café who strangled by food. They will naturally know that some employees will be carried out first aid and one might be calling ambulance at the same time.

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Transformational leadership

Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works with teams to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of a group. This leaadership theory can be used to improved the verbal and physical abuse by patients towards nurses.
For example, at pusat sejahtera, the nurse supervisor should regularly remind all the staff nurses of the purpose and the vision of their work that is they should treat their patients like their own family and always think from the patient point of view and not on self interest because they are the one that would be spending most of their time with the patients. The nurse supervisor should act as a role model and lead by example by using her experiences and skills to demonstrate integrity in work and showing good example  of how to treat and handle patients with love and care in order for all the nurses to emulate her. Apart from that, the nurse supervisor should also motivate the nurses, inspire them to love their job and not doing it for the sake of money but because of the passion of their job that is to treat and handle the patients and try their level best to fulfill the patient's requirement and needs although it could be quite challenging to deal with fussy patients.

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Path-goal theory of leadership.

This theory specified a leader’s style or behavior that best fits the employee and work environment in order to achieve the goal of the organization such as improved employees’ safety behavior at work.

A)     Directive leadership. The leader will inform the followers what is expected of them about their safety behavior at work. It is most effective when employees are unsure about the task and when there is a lot of uncertainty of the job environment. For example, leader will tell subordinates what they supposed to do about the safety behavior in the workplace by setting rules and regulations that must be follow by subordinate such as avoid from smoking, drug and alcohol used in the workplace to reduce employee injuries.

B)     Supportive leadership. The leader makes work pleasant for the employees by showing concern about their safety behavior at work. Each subordinate will be treated equally and provide support to ensure their safety in the workplace such as provide training to each employee on how to use coffee machine correctly to improve their safety at work. It is most effective in situations in which the employee facing psychologically or physically distressing in their jobs especially when they need to work in dangerous or tedious environment.

C)      Participative leadership. The leader consults with employee’s opinion and suggestions that can be used to improve the safety in the workplace. It is most effective when employees are highly involved in their work. For example, the company requires the active participation of each employee to identify certain number of safety hazards that can cause injuries in the workplace and find out solutions to reduce the problem.

D)     Achievement-oriented leadership. The leader believe that employees are able to work fully independently and have problem-solving capabilities in this leadership style. For example, leader believe that employees can be self-aware of the importance of safety behavior that is needed in the workplace and have high confidence with the ability of the employees to improve their safety behavior at work in order to achieve the aims of the organization to improve employees' safety behavior at work.

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Contingency Theory is by Fred Edward Fiedler (1967). Contingency Theory states the process a leader uses his/her influence in a group (Group task situation), style and personality of his/her leadership also suitable approaches in a group. Example, supervisor of cleaner give instructions for wearing a safety equipment and carefully in used material of detergents. Supervisor must give the cleaner in a clear and organized instructions.

The leader's effectiveness depends on how well leader's style fits the context. Example, effectiveness of leader in this theory is leader- member relations. Cleaner trust and like the supervisor, then they will follow instructions of the supervisor. Interaction of supervisor and cleaner are important in a training safety and health. (Hayatul Husna, 137243).