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African American discrimination and the fight for equal rights has persisted since the time of slavery. In the 1600s, slave ships brought slaves from Africa to Europe and America, which had miserable conditions for them on the ship and once they reached their destination. During the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865), these issues still persisted and even expanded. Famous leaders, such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who both held slaves, took small steps to abolish slavery and the unfair treatment of African Americans. The South in America became a very dangerous place for slaves due to the demand for cotton, and people who resided in the South had little-to-no interest in getting rid of slaves. Through many Supreme Court cases regarding civil rights, the Reconstruction era, and many race riots, there was barely any change for African American civil rights. Furthermore, the "separate but equal" clause resulting from a Supreme Court case created more tensions against black people. This eventually resulted in The Great Migration (1916) of millions of African Americans in hopes for a better life with more opportunities, less fear, less racism, and less discrimination.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones

https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=592919&p=4100954

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"Blacks were segregated in schools, restaurants, on transportation, and in other forms of public accommodations. They were discriminated against for employment. And all of this was legal. Not only was it legal; it was considered normal..." (Georgetown) - This describes the discrimination African Americans have faced for the longest time that now it is "considered normal."

"It wasn't enough just to separate out blacks - segregation was never about separate but equal. While the Supreme Court naively speculated in Plessy v. Ferguson that somehow mankind wouldn't show its worst nature and that segregation could occur without one side being significantly disadvantaged..." (Georgetown) - Emphasizes the unfair decisions made in the Supreme Court cases to keep segregation.

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The Red Summer of 1919 was a period of race riots and white supremacist terrorism that occurred in over 36 cities in the United States. White sailors recently home from the war had been on a days-long drunken rampage, assaulting, and in some cases lynching, black people on the capitol’s streets. African American Veterans were especially a target because they were seen as a particular threat to Jim Crow and racial subordination. "Between April and November of 1919, there would be approximately 25 riots and instances of mob violence, 97 recorded lynchings, and a three day long massacre in Elaine, Arkansas during which over 200 black men, women, and children were killed after black sharecroppers tried to organize for better working conditions." (history.com) The Ku Klux Klan regained popularity until it ended in the early autumn of 1919.

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Before World War 1, African Americans were segregated and treated unconstitutionally from whites in America. The Jim Crow laws stated how segregation was allowed toward blacks in public places, transportation, schools, bathrooms, and more. In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, the law stated that the Jim Crow laws and racial segregation didn't go against the constitution. African American's in the Niagra Movement fought against this discrimination that opposed lynching, the Jim Crow laws, and discrimination against employment and education. In the early 1900s, hundreds of African Americans were lynched along with race riots occurring which led to many deaths in the black community. For years the US government did nothing about these people being killed, so African American activists took charges like W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T. Washington, and the group, NAACP. The NAACP started in 1909 and they fought to give African American's their rights back. Once the war started, African American males were needed to serve in the war, as they did they were still segregated in zones.
https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/articles-and-essays/timeline-of-african-american-history/1901-to-1925/

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Chronicles the works and efforts of W. E. B. Du Bois on behalf of fellow African Americans with such notable events as the Niagara Movement as well as the establishment of the NAACP. Birth and death dates of notable African Americans are listed including Thurgood Marshall, Harriet Tubman, Booker T. Washington and Malcolm X. Continued racial tensions are noted with incidents of riots and lynchings.

Timeline

1. 1902

Lynchings. Eighty-five black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1902.

2. 1903

The Souls of Black Folk. W. E. B. Du Bois's celebrated book, The Souls of Black Folk, was published on April 27. In it, Du Bois rejected the gradualism of Booker T. Washington, calling for agitation on behalf of African-American rights.

Lynchings. Eighty-four black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1903.

3. 1906

Soldiers riot. In Brownsville, Texas on August 13, black troops rioted against segregation. On November 6, President Theodore Roosevelt discharged three companies of black soldiers involved in the riot.

A race riot. On September 22-24, in a race riot in Atlanta, ten blacks and two whites were killed.

Lynchings. Sixty-two black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1906.

4. 1908

Thurgood Marshall born. Born in Baltimore on July 2, Thurgood Marshall, was the attorney for the NAACP in the famous case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Supreme Court found segregated schools to be inherently unequal. He later became the first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court.

A race riot. Many were killed and wounded in a race riot on August 14-19, in Abraham Lincoln's home town of Springfield, Illinois.

Taft elected president. On November 3, William Howard Taft (Republican) was elected president.

Lynchings. Eighty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1908.

5. 1909

The NAACP is formed. On February 12 -- the centennial of the birth of Lincoln -- a national appeal led to the establishment of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization formed to promote use of the courts to restore the legal rights of black Americans.

The North Pole is reached. On April 6, Admiral Peary and African-American Matthew Henson, accompanied by four Eskimos, became the first men known to have reached the North Pole.

Lynchings. Sixty-nine black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1909.

6. 1910

Census of 1910.
U.S. population: 93,402,151
Black population: 9,827,763 (10.7%)

Crisis debuts. The first issue of Crisis, a publication sponsored by the NAACP and edited by W. E.B. Du Bois, appeared on November 1.

Segregated neighborhoods. On December 19, the City Council of Baltimore approved the first city ordinance designating the boundaries of black and white neighborhoods. This ordinance was followed by similar ones in Dallas, Texas, Greensboro, North Carolina, Louisville, Kentucky, Norfolk, Virginia, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Richmond, Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia, and St. Louis, Missouri. The Supreme Court declared the Louisville ordinance to be unconstitutional in 1917.

Lynchings. Sixty-seven black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1910.

7. 1916

Lynchings. Fifty black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1916.

8. 1917

World War I. America entered World War I on April 6. 370,000 African-Americans were in military service -- more than half in the French war zone.

A race riot. One of the bloodiest race riots in the nation's history took place in East St. Louis, Illinois, on July 1-3. A Congressional committee reported that 40 to 200 people were killed, hundreds more injured, and 6,000 driven from their homes.

NAACP protest. Thousands of African-Americans marched down Manhattan's Fifth Avenue on July 28, protesting lynchings, race riots, and the denial of rights.

A race riot. On August 23, a riot erupted in Houston between black soldiers and white citizens; 2 blacks and 11 whites were killed. 18 black soldiers were hanged for participation in the riot.

The Supreme Court acts. On November 5, the Supreme Court struck down the Louisville, Kentucky ordinance mandating segregated neighborhoods.

Lynchings. Thirty-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1917.

9. 1919

"Red Summer." This was the year of the "Red Summer," with 26 race riots between the months of April and October. These included disturbances in the following areas:

May 10 - Charleston, South Carolina.
July 13 - Gregg and Longview counties, Texas.
July 19-23 - Washington, D. C.
July 27 - Chicago.
October 1-3 - Elaine, Arkansas.

Lynchings. Seventy-six black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1919.

10. 1920

Census of 1920. U.S. population: 105,710,620
Black population: 10,463,131 (9.9%)

The Harlem Renaissance. The decade of the Twenties witnessed the Harlem Renaissance, a remarkable period of creativity for black writers, poets, and artists, including these authors:
Claude McKay, Harlem Shadows, 1922
Jean Toomer, Cane, 1923
Alaine Locke, The New Negro, 1925
Countee Cullen, Color, 1925

The rise of Marcus Garvey. On August 1, Marcus Garvey's Universal Improvement Association held its national convention in Harlem, the traditionally black neighborhood in New York City. Garvey's African nationalist movement was the first black American mass movement, and at its height it claimed hundreds of thousands of supporters.

Harding elected president. On November 3, Warren G. Harding (Republican) was elected president.

Lynchings. Fifty-three black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1920.

11. 1924

Lynchings. Sixteen black Americans are known to have been lynched in 1924.

The following works were valuable sources in the compilation of this Time Line: Lerone Bennett's Before the Mayflower (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., 1982), W. Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift's Encyclopedia of Black America (New York: Da Capo Press, 1984), and Harry A. Ploski and Warren Marr's The Negro Almanac (New York: Bellwether Co., 1976).

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1901 to 1925 | African American Timeline: 1850-1925 | Articles and Essays | African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

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Chronicles the works and efforts of W. E. B. Du Bois on behalf of fellow African Americans with such notable events as the Niagara Movement as well as the establishment of the NAACP. Birth and death dates of notable African Americans are listed including Thurgood Marshall, Harriet Tubman, Booker T.

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In the '30s, the most prominent efforts for African American equality were found in politics, however, prestigious institutions continued some practice of systematic inequality. The presidencies of the decade were separated between Herbert Hoover (Republican) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat). President Hoover served from 1929 to 1933, and the most profound action against African Americans he made was the nomination of John J. Parker, a man with anti-Black views, to the U.S. Supreme Court. It was unsuccessful. However, his successor, President Roosevelt, who served from 1933 until his death in 1945, offered profound support for African Americans by recognizing black leaders and promoting his New Deal reforms. Roosevelt is also credited for his "Black-Cabinet" administration in which many black leaders served under him as his presidential advisors. The context of this general idea however is the Great Depression, and although it caused great unemployment among African Americans, the political recognition found in the Roosevelt Administration proves that the Civil Rights Movement was subtly supported and noticed during the 1930s. Therefore, projecting the fight for civil rights in the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson presidencies spanning from the '40s to the '60s.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal

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State militia facing off with an African American veteran during the 1919 Chicago race riots

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Chicago Race Riot (1919) and Tulsa Race Riot (1921)

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Chicago Race Riot (1919) and Tulsa Race Riot (1921)

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The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 occurred in the period following WWI termed the “Red Summer." The Red Summer was a result of intensified racial tension due to the Great Migration which led many African Americans to move North. This led to job competition, overcrowding in cities, and increased militancy among Black war veterans. Two years later in 1921, the Tulsa Race Riot ensued on May 31, 1921, and lasted for two days. Dick Rowland, a young African American shoe shiner, was accused of assaulting a white woman, and the next day the Tulsa Tribune printed a story accusing Rowland of attempting to rape her and promoted a planned lynching. As a result, African Americans and whites went to the courthouse Rowland was being held and there an African American man killed a white protester. The white crowd became enraged, commencing the Tulsa massacre. As a result Greenwood, also known as "Black Wall Street," was demolished, along with the deaths of hundreds.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Chicago-Race-Riot-of-1919
https://www.britannica.com/event/Tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921

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African Americans in the 1920s dealt with segregation and extreme racial oppression. During the Great Migration (1910–1920), African Americans by the thousands poured into industrial cities to find work and later to fill labor shortages created by World War I. Though they moved to escape discrimination, they continued to face exclusion and discrimination in employment, as well as some segregation in schools and public accommodations.

https://www.history.com/news/red-summer-1919-riots-chicago-dc-great-migration
https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/wwi/red-summer
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html

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W.E.B Du Bois was one of many black leaders that channeled their activism by founding the Niagara Movement in 1905. He also joined other white reformers in 1909 to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).