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Pearson Test of English - General B2 - Section Three Tips

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Pearson Test of English - General B2 - Section Two Tips

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Metalanguage:

a form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.

Morphology:

the study of the forms of things.

Syntax:

arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Phonetics:

Phonetics, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities.

Phonology:

Phonology, the study of the sound patterns that occur within languages.

Semantics

Semantics, the philosophical and scientific study of meaning in natural and artificial languages.

Pragmatics

Pragmatics, In linguistics and philosophy, the study of the use of natural language in communication; more generally, the study of the relations between languages and their users.

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics, the study of the neurological mechanisms underlying the storage and processing of language.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics, the study of the sociological aspects of language. The discipline concerns itself with the part language plays in maintaining the social roles in a community.

Language Acquisition

The ability to speak was regarded by Descartes as the single most important distinction between humans and other animals

Historical Linguistics

Historical linguistics, the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of phonological, grammatical, and semantic changes, the reconstruction of earlier stages of languages, and the discovery and application of the methods by which genetic relationships

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Glass Ceiling: The term "glass ceiling" refers to the sometimes-invisible barrier to success that many women come up against in their careers.

Minority: Any small group in society that is different from the rest because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group.

Majority: a number or percentage equaling more than half of a total

Sexism: discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls, just for being women.

Racism: a belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Prejudice: an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc. Unfounded opinion, usually negative.

Stereotype: A widely oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Segregation: The institutional separation of an ethnic, racial, religious, or other minority group from the dominant majority.

Race: the term race is used to define groups with common hereditary characteristics into which some animal species are subdivided.

Ethnicity: an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language.

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1. We use it together with the past tense.

2. Like with the past continuous, we tend to use the word ‘when’ with this tense.

3. We use it in reported speech.

4. Some time expressions we use with it are: for (+ time), since, when, until, and before.

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We use it together with the past tense to indicate a sequence of events.

We use it together with adverbial expressions of time/prepositions like: before, after, already, yet, for, since, and until.

It is used in the third conditional form.

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Past Perfect Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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The simple past and past continuous are often used together. They are both specific tenses, but the continuous tense refers to a very specific time or events happening at parallel times/interrupted actions (the words ‘while’/‘when’ are used in these cases).
In the past continuous the gerund (verb in ‘ing’ form) is used, but only with ACTION VERBS (run, kick, yell, etc) not STATIVE VERBS (know, believe, imagine…).

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Past Continuous Tense ( Past Progressive) - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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ADVERBIAL  EXPRESSIONS are often used with this tense.

We also use prepositional phrases that start with ‘at’, ‘on’, and ‘in’.

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Concept of beauty

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Use of expressions like ‘twice a week’, ‘early’, and ‘regularly’. These are ADVERBIAL  expression that are often used with this function.

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Present Simple Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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Formulas:
Affirmative (pronoun + be + verb -ing)
Negative  (pronoun + be + not + verb -ing)
Interrogative (be + pronoun + verb- ing)

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- Use PP for events at an indefinite time before now
- use: always, once/twice/many times, never and before
Formula:
Subject+ have/has + past participle of the verb

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Present Perfect Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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Formula:
have/has PRESENT form + BEEN (past participle) + GERUND (‘ing’ verb)
IMPORTANT
We use expressions of time like SINCE & FOR  with the PPC to express how long something has been happening.

Other expressions like AGO are not used with the PPC  and are instead used with other tenses like the SIMPLE PAST.

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Present Perfect Continuous Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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*The thing reciving the action is the subject of the sentence*

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Passive voice lesson - English grammar tutorial video lesson