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2/21- I can prepare for my test on friday

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2/21- I can prepare for my test on friday

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-Study guide online

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Tupes/Christal
-the big 5 trait dimensions is the most currently accepted personality theory (OCEAN)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraverson
Agreeable
N

Eysenck(Hans/Sybil)
-Many individual variations can be reduced to two or three genetically introduced dimensions
-3 Traits
-Extrovert/Introvert
Stability/Instability
Neuroticism/Psychotocism

Walker Mischel
-People's behavior appears consistent because of people's initial perceptions of them

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2/16-I can describe Personality Trait Psychologists & Birth Order

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2/16-I can describe Personality Trait Psychologists & Birth Order

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Alfred Adler
-believes problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations- Childhood feelings of inferiority.

We try to overcome these feelings of inferiority

Pros: Leads to trying harder
Negatives: Overcompensation

Inferiority Complex (I am not as good as...)

-Later found Humanism
-Ideas of Birth Order-impacts our personality

Birth Order
-where you are born in a family can have an effect on your personality
Oldest: responsible, mature, high achiever
Middle: easy going, friendly
Youngest: immature, funny, baby-like
Only Child: much like the oldest, can have difficulties sharing
Oldest/Only's should marry "Middles"

First Born Traits:
energetic, logical, ambitious, enterprising, scholarly

Middle Born #1:
loner, quiet, shy, impatient, uptight

Middle Born #2:
outgoing, friendly, laid-back, patient

-Middle's love to stand out

Last Born Traits:
risky takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hard working, immature, attention seeking, secretive, sensitive
-tend to go against the norm
-make the biggest stirs in life
-know no boundaries
-youngest should marry "onlys"

Only Children:
mature faster, get along well with older people, responsible, self-centered, perfectionists, attention seekers, use adult language, prefer adult company, have difficulty sharing

Twins:
Common Leader Traits-
resemble first borns, aggressive, loud, outspoken, opinionated, intolerant
Common Follower Traits-
resemble shy middle child, shy, longer, quiet, blend into the background, undefiant

Variable that impacts birth older roles:
Parents- marital status, parenting style, critical eye of parent, parent's birth order, how strict the parent is
Gender- double birth order (all girls or all boys)
Separate Families- more than a five year gap, start a "new" family
Adoption/Remarriage- bumped either up or down on birth order scale, all depends on age at the time and where other kids fall
Death of Parent/Sibling- bump a child either up or down, have different effects when a parent dies, "Ghost children"

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- Humanistic Perspective (people are mostly good)

Carl Rogers-

people are basically good

Unconditional Positive Regard

Personal growth is influenced by those around, especially those who are genuine and caring.

Social Theorists:

Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll, social modeling- learn from those around us

Cognitive Theorists:

Julian Rotter-

Locus of Control (internal vs external)

Internal- What happens to you is based on your doing

External- What happens to you is beyond your control

Martin Seligman-

Learned Helplessness

Trait Theorists:
Gordon Allport:

Interviews Freud- believes he ignored the conscious/obvious

Studies fundamental/ basic traits

Believed their were 2800 traits

Concerned with describing personality, NOT explaining it

Cattell:
16 traits (done by factor analysis)

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2/15- I can describe Freud's Psychosexual Stages

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2/15- I can describe Freud's Psychosexual Stages

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Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage(0-1.5)
Pleasure center in mouth
Fixations:
Oral Fixation
Dependency
Anal Stage(1.5-3.5)
Pleasure Center in Anus and Elimination
Fixations:
Anal Retentive (potty trained early with strict rules)
Anal Expulsive (potty trained late with little rules)
Phallic Stage(3.5-6)
Pleasure Center in genitals
Jealousy of same sex parent
Fixations:
Oedipus Complex- a boy would want to replace father and marry mother
Electra Complex (K. Horney)- a female would want to replace mother and marry father
Penis Envy- women's desire to possess same organ as men/women feel inferior to men because they do not have a penis
Cinderella Complex- fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex
Peter Pan Complex- desire to remain young forever
Latency Period(6-12)
Lose interest in opposite sex
"Cootie" period
Genital Stage(Puberty)
Full adult sexuality
Must work on "fixations"
Unresolved problems surface

Karen Horney- gave women a voice, tries to discredit Frued's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy
-Basic Anxiety are feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of loneliness and isolation during childhood
Ways of coping with anxiety:
-compliant (submit to others)
-aggressive (hostile towards others)
-detached (withdraw from others)
Disagreed with Freud's concept of penis envy so she created womb envy.

Frasier Episode Applications:
1. Oedipus Complex
2. Anal Retentive

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Defense Mechanisms:
-Repression: forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions on purpose
-Denial: rejection (refusing to acknowledge) an intolerable reality
-Rationalization: substituting a more acceptable but false reason for one's behavior
-Reaction Formation: modifying an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings (common in children)
-Projection: seeing one's personality traits, attitudes and faults in others but not in yourself (ex. my sister is calling me fat)
-Regression: retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses (more common in males)
-Undoing: atoning for and thus counteracting desires or acts that are regrettable (apologizing)
-Sublimation: people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
-Displacement: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person (kick the dog)
-Compensation: covering up weaknesses or frustrations by over gratifying oneself in another area
-Fantasy: gratifying frustrated desires in imaginary achievements (daydreaming)
-Identification: increasing one's feeling of self-worth by identifying oneself with people or places of importance
-Intellectualization: people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms

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Psychoanalytic Theory/ Psychodynamic Theory

Psyche (Mind) + Dynamic (Energy) = Personality
Unconscious (really important to Frued)
studied all men
very sexist
obsessed with sex (libido) and aggression
detailed dream analysis/ wrote many books
blamed mom for everything

Neo Fruedian
Carl Jung- used to study under Freud. Disagreed with the importance he placed on sex
Theory has 2 unconscious:
Personal-no man's land (if chosen)
Collective- influential

Superego, Ego, Id

Id: Devil
-present at birth
-completely unconscious
-pleasure principle: all needs should be satisfied immediately
-unsatisfied needs leads to anxiety
-Wish Fulfillment

Ego:
-controls thinking and reasoning
-operates in conscious and preconscious
-reality principle: safely and successfully meet needs of ID

Superego: Angel
-morality and consciousness
-not present at birth
-something that we learn
-compares ego's actions with "ego ideal"
-morality principle