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cognitive map: mental representation of one's physical environment (ex.: Braingames memory champion placing objects in his house)

intrinsic motivation/behavior: behavior that is driven by internal rewards (motivation to do certain behavior comes from within the individual)

extrinsic motivation/behavior:
behavior that is driven by external rewards (money, fame, grades. etc.)

learned helplessness: a person is conditioned to suffer from the sense of powerlessness when they arise from a traumatic event or fail

problem-focused coping:
emotion-focus coping:
external locus of control: people believe that success or failure results from outside factors that are beyond their control (fate, luck, prejudice, etc.)

internal locus of control: belief that people have control over the outcome of their lives

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Edward Tolman coined the term latent learning

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Edward Tolman coined the term latent learning

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Robert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment

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Ivan Pavlov: salivating dogs
John B. Watson: Little Albert
Rosalie Raynor: Little Albert
John Garcia: conditioned taste aversion (rats+x-irradiation)
Robert Rescorla

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B.F. Skinner: rats press lever for food (Skinner Box)
Edward Thorndike: animals escaping the Puzzle Box

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What is learning? Learning is observing and understanding how to do new things. In the video, the dogs were taught to understand that sitting still is a good thing

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I liked seeing that you took notes here!

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I liked seeing that you took notes here!

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I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcements (Nov. 10)

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I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcements (Nov. 10)

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Variable (Random)
Fixed (Set)
Ratio (# of Responses)
Interval (Time)

Variable Ratio: (ex.: buying lottery tickets and winning occasionally OR winning the jackpot on the slot machine after a changing number of times playing it)

Fixed Ratio:
reinforcement after a certain amount of (ex.: getting paid after each time a car is sold)

Variable Interval: (ex.: checking your phone for texts not knowing when the text will come but continuing to check until you see the text)

Fixed Interval: reinforcement after a certain amount of time (ex.: doing a job and receiving a paycheck at end of each month)

Continuous Reinforcement: based on every instance a behavior occurs

Ratio Schedules: based on number of behaviors

Interval Schedules: reinforcement is based on time

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I can understand Bandura's research studies (Nov. 9)

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I can understand Bandura's research studies (Nov. 9)

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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Purpose:
-determine if modeling shaped behavior

Procedure:
1. experimental groups were compared to control groups of the same sex
2. groups: agressive male, aggressive female, non aggressive male, non agressive female
3. groups wer placed into a room with toys but were told not to play with them
4. goups were taken into room with toys and weapons to rear their agression towards the toys (modeled after their role models)

Results:
-boy behaviors were more influence by male role models
-boys were more aggressive than girls

Ethical Guidelines:
-unethical because no debriefing (children weren't taught to control their aggression)

Future Impacts:
-predict future behavior
-correlate cases of domestic abuse

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I can understand Seligman's research studies (Nov. 9)

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I can understand Seligman's research studies (Nov. 9)

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Shocked Dogs
Purpose:
-to support the theory that our perception of power and control are learned from experience
-learned helplessness and classical conditioning

Procedure:
1. 24 mongrel dogs were taken and divided into different groups: escape group, non-escape group, and non-harness group
2. 1 escape group dog would be

Results:
-when dogs were able to escape, all the non-harness group made it out, some of the escape group made it out, and none of the non-escape group tried to escape (learned helplessness)

Ethical Guidelines:
-was the harm of the animals justified?
-yes because depression in humans was studied
-no because animals were shocked (study can be done without harming the animals)

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generalization
discrimination

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I can understand Pavlov's research studies (Nov. 4)

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I can understand Pavlov's research studies (Nov. 4)

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Pavlov's Dogs
Purpose
-Pavlov used classical conditioning to study peoples reflexes; such as phobias and anxiety
-Pavlov and team started research on salivation and digestion and used dogs to start their experiment

Procedure
1. dogs were given an incision in their cheek with a tube to collect saliva
(saliva= unconditioned reflex; smell and sounds= neutral stimulus; food= unconditioned stimulus)
2. placed in a soundproof lab with no external stimuli
3. test metronome, smell of vanilla, and rotating object and amount of saliva
3. unconditioned response becomes conditioned
5. Pavlove compared the amounts of saliva generated with the stimulation of food to the amounts of saliva generated with the sound, smell, or sight

Results
-UCS+NS=CR
-playing the metronome, releasing the scent of vanilla, or rotating the object before giving the dogs food creates an association between sound, sight, or smell and taste

Ehtical Guidelines:
-pavlov fed the dogs and no mental damage was forced upon the dogs
-cut in dogs cheeks was kept clean

Future Impacts:
-Watson and the Little Albert study
-research on conditioning on phobias
-condition predators to dislike the smell of sheep
-rats, immunosuppression and saccharin water (John Garcia)
-results explained a huge part of human behavior and gave credit to psychology as a true science

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Acquisition: process of pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery

Little Albert Experiment
UCS (loud noises)   --> UCR (fear of the loud noises)

CS (white, furry objects) + UCS (loud noises) --> UCR (fear of the loud noises)

CS (white, furry objects) --> CR (fear of white, furry objects )

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I can understand Watson's research studies (Nov. 3)

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I can understand Watson's research studies (Nov. 3)

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"Little Albert" Experiment

Researchers:
John Watson and Rosalie Rayer

Purpose:
-To disprove the assumption that fears are caused by Freud's psychoanalytical perspective

Procedure:
1. Little Albert was taken from the hospital
2. Little Albert was presented with a neutral stimuli (rabbit, rat, etc.)
3. The experimenters created a loud noise whenever Albert went to touch the rat or rabbit
4. Generalization: tested to see if Albert was afraid of other things that were similar to the rat, which he was
5. The psychologists tested him after a longer period of time and Albert was still afraid of the rat among the other things

Results
-fear is a learned behavior (not born, not in the unconcious)
-Albert was originally not afraid of the rat or furry white things but by the end of the experiment he associated fear with white, furry things

Ethical Guidelines:
-Watson and Raynor didn't get assent or consent
-didn't protect Albert from the emotional harm
-didn't work to resolve his fear after the experiment

Future Impacts:
-know how conditioning is used
-know how to use reinforcement techniques
-conditioning can have a negative or positive outcome
-showed that ethical guidelines are needed

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I can understand Skinner's research studies (Nov. 2)

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I can understand Skinner's research studies (Nov. 2)

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B.F. Skinner Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Purpose:
-to study animal behavior
-to show that reinforcement can affect behavior (how long would the animal take to learn the behavior?)

Procedure:
1) created the "Skinner Box"
2. put a lever inside the "Skinner Box" for the animals to press to get food
3. Measaured the time between the responses

Results (Rat):
-found that what happened after the response had a better influence on the rate of occurence (if a rat wanted more food, it would press the lever more)
-operant conditioning: if a response (the operant) is followed by a reinforcing stimlus, the response will increase

Results (Pigeon):
-Schedule Reinforcement
-Fixed Ratio
-Fixed Interval
-Variable Interval
-Multiple Schedules

Ethical Guidelines:
-no animal cruelty because the animals were fed

Future Impacts:
-Skinner wrote a series of books discussing the idea of behavior in human society (controversial)
-Skinner made behaviorism a prominent idea of psychology
-Studies of behaviorism have taught parents to potty train their children, mentally disable to perform everyday jobs

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Increases good behavior:
Positive Reinforcement= reward
Negative Reinforcement= unpleasantness is taken away

Decreases poor behavior:
Positive Punishment= something you don't like is given
Negative Punishment= something you like is taken away

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not knowing you learned something until a while after you learned it

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I can understand Thorndike's research studies (Nov. 2)

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I can understand Thorndike's research studies (Nov. 2)

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The Puzzle Box: Operant Conditioning

Purpose:
-To distinguish how fast the animal learns to escape the box
-To see if there's a gradual increase/decrease in the time it took to give the response (latency)

Procedure:
1. The puzzle box was a confined area desined with a "correct" way of escape
2. animal was put in box
3. Thorndike measured the time it took for the animal to escape
4. When the animal exited, it was rewarded with food or water (operant condition)
5. The test was repeated until the time it took to complete the task decreased

Results:
-Response is gradually strengthened by reward
-Law of Effect

Ethical Guidelines:
-Experiment was ethical because the animals were rewarded with food and water and weren't harmed (good lab conditions)

Future Impacts:
-introduced the idea of shaping
-contributed connectionism (neural networks) to psychology

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Operant Conditioning:
Law of Effect:
Operant Chamber (Skinner Effect):
Reinforcement:
Shaping:
Successive Approximations:
Discriminative Stimulus:
Positive Reinforcement:
Negative Reinforcement:
Primary Reinforcer:
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer:
Reinforcement Schedule:
Continuous Reinforcement:
Partial Reinforcement:

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I can apply behavior modification (Oct. 31)

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I can apply behavior modification (Oct. 31)

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4 Methods of Learning
1. Trial and Error
2. Operant Condition
3. Classical Conditioning
sneeze=stimulus; bless you=
4. Observed Learning (Modeling)
monkey see monkey do