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In 1869-70 an uprising in the Red River Colony was held to force the shift of the huge area of Rupert’s Land to the new nation of Canada.  The Colony of manly Metis occupied a section of Rupert’s land fearing for their land rights under the Canadian control.  The Metis held a rebellion so that they could declare for a provisional government to discuss terms to enter into a confederation.  This uprising all lead to the creation of Manitoba, and the appearance of Louis Riel being a hero to his people but also being seen as an outlaw in the Canadian government's eyes.

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Greece Protests(2011-present) on Social Programs

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Greece Protests(2011-present) on Social Programs

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The Greece Protest on social programs such as welfare and pension reforms.  This is a present day issue that is happening in Greece.  In attempt to gain  bail for their country debt, Greece struck a deal with Europe.  This deal would require them to have welfare and pension decreased, sales tax increased and a few other tasks.  In return, Greece would keep their Euro and would receive 77 billion euros over a span of 3 years.  People would protest in violent manners in response as the government was and did agree to this agreement.  So in the end, Europe did end up throwing Greece a lifeline.

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The Haymarket Riot took place at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886.  This was a peaceful rally(strike) in support of workers for 8 hours work days turned violent by an unknown person throwing dynamite at police killing 8 individuals.  The government on a later date put 8 individuals to trial for being anarchists.  At the trial the jury was biased and the was no solid evidence linking them to the dynamite thrown.  In 1887, 4 of the 8 men were hanged, one committed suicide and the remaining three were imprisoned.  On a later date, the public voiced their opinion on the questionable trail held by the government regarding the 8 activists.  The lead to Governor John P. Altgeld pardoning the three remaining activists in prison in 1893.

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Women’s Suffrage was a political group based in Canada (more so in the prairies) that was prominently active in the 1900’s. This group fought for women's’ rights, rights to vote, and rights to be treated as people, not property. Through petitions, lobbying, and contracts (done with the men's help), Women had finally won the right to vote in 1916 in Manitoba, other provinces soon followed. The long term changes are that women are now their own people, are still allowed to vote, and can run in office.

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In 1942, Willi Graf, Christoph Probst and Hans Schol created a non violent resistance group in Nazi Germany where a group of students from the university and their professor attended. This group was known as the anonymous leaflet (a document for taxes) campaign what called for active opposition to the Nazis regime. This lasted from June 1942 until February 1943. A group of 6 anti- Nazi’s  third reich political leaflets called themselves the white rose as they told German’s to resist the Nazi’s. The White Rose consisted of five students: Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst that were all in their early twenties. The white rose group were influenced by the German Youth Movement. Four leaflets were wrote up and 100 copies were made that were distributed across Germany as well as to the White Rose group. This was difficult and dangerous due to the fact that paper was scarce including the envelopes. Taking these leaflets to other cities was risky due to the military services patrolling the trains and demanded identification from any male that was of age for military services. Members of the White Rose worked day and night to create leaflets, put them in envelopes, and mailed them into major cities in Germany. They all worked together throughout Germany to create and hand out these leaflets at undetectable leaflets. Hans, Alex, and Willi all used tar to write "Down With Hitler", "Hitler Mass Murderer", "freedom", and drew crossed-out swastikas. They did this while the policemen and other officials patrolled the streets of Munich. The police were called and they were taken into custody as well as the other members soon arrested and interrogated for being associated with the White Rose group. They were all in trial, and convicted of treason and sentenced death. The Three faced their deaths bravely. The other three were executed.  The White Rose believed that their execution would stir university students and other anti-war citizens into a rallying activism against Hitler and the war. Accounts suggest, however, that university students continued their studies as usual, citizens mentioned nothing, many regarding the movement as anti-national. Their actions were mostly dismissed, until after the war when their efforts were eventually praised by the German consciousness.

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On May 4th 1886 there was a massive riot in Chicago at the Haymarket square. This rally resulted in the death of 8 people, including police officers and citizens, many others were injured and hurt. This rally began as a group of labor's protesting for the rights of workers, such as the right to 8 hour days. The police forces were then sent in to control the crowd, that is when the violence had started. Someone from the crowd threw a bomb at the police which caused people to start gunfire and fights. The aftermath of this whole situation was the government arresting and charging labor activist. The labours that were charged were either sentenced to the death penalty or a life sentence in prison.  This violent massacre was recognized as one of the many struggles and attempts for workers rights. This was an example of a violent dissent against the government.

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“The Chinese people have been forced to forget the Tiananmen massacre. There has been no public debate about the event, no official apology. The media aren't allowed to mention it. Still today people are being persecuted and imprisoned for disseminating information about it.”

-Ma Jian

The June Fourth Incident or the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, were series of street protests lead by students in Beijing, China lasting from April 15th  to June 4th. Post Mao-era caused drastic social and economic change that worried the citizen about the country’s future including limited freedom to political participation, rapid population growth, and the fact that the new graduates aren't well equipped for the new economy.  About a million of people protested for democracy, greater accountability, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech, which were influences from the western ideals. The government reacted by declaring a martial law, which resulted to the Tiananmen Square Massacre, several hundred to thousands of dissenters were killed by tanks and troops with assault rifles. Widespread arrests also occurred, about 10,000 supporters were arrested during and after the protest. The coverage of the event was controlled to be domestic only and government officials thought to be supporters were removed as a purge.

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“Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

Back to 1930 in India, from March to April, Mohandas Gandhi lead the people of India to a ‘satyagraha’ or a mass civil disobedience called, The Salt March, a 240 mile march from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast. Gandhi with the help of Indian nationalists lead millions of people in collecting their own salt from the seawater as a protest to the impairing Britain’s Salt Acts, acts that ban Indians from getting and selling their own salt and placed heavy taxes on it, the acts were created by Britain to monopolize the manufacturing of salt and make more money out of it, therefore the Indians became poorer and their quality of life worsen. The satyagraha resulted to more than 80,000 people arrested including Gandhi, but it got the worldwide attention. Gandhi was released in January 1931 and had a meeting with lord Irwin, the viceroy of India to agree to call off the satyagraha for an equal negotiating role in a conference happening in London for India’s future. In August 1947, 17 years after the Salt March, India was granted its independence.

"First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, and then you win. "

― Mahatma Gandhi

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April 30 1970
US President, Richard Nixon, announced on national TV that the US Military was going to invade Cambodia, and needed to draft 150 000 more men to war. This started protests on college campuses throughout the country because the President was taking away college deferments, which previously had exempted most college students from the draft and service in Vietnam. People protested about the bombing of Cambodia by the US, and protesting the US's involvement in general. At Kent State University in Ohio, protester launched a demonstration by setting fire to their ROTC building, their actions made the governor on Ohio dispatch 900 National Guardsmen to the campus.

May 4 1970
During a different altercation, 28 guardsmen oped fire on a crowd killing 4, and wounding 9 students. Following these killings, the countries protests escalated even further. Almost 500 colleges were shut down or unable to function due to protests. The justice department initially declined to conduct a grad jury investigation, despite the public outcry.

May 14
At Jackson Sate University, an all black school in Mississippi, a protest broke out. The state highway patrolmen fired automatic weapons into a student dormitory killing 2 students and wounding 9. No justifiable reasons for the shooting was ever found.

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August 28th,1963 Washington D.C 200,000 black individuals fought for jobs and freedom towards the black race. This social justice and equality fight was an ongoing issue and time to take a stance on change. Martin Luther King announced his "I have a dream" speech towards millions of black and whites prononocuing the racial harmony and economic rights that blacks failed to uphold due to the white government being in place. These lack of rights resulted in political and social challenges, which became a struggle for civil rights. The march was lead by Martin Luther king to show the injustice and inequality that the African Americans had. Orginally president Kennedy discouraged the march but was worried that this would make the legislature vote against civil rights law. Armed forces and local police were brought in were seemed uncessary as the march was noted as a civil rights movement and a peaceful outgoing. This was the largest demonstration ever seen and one of the first to have media coverage. Now blacks have not been seen completely equal but have gotten there rights as citizens. The ability to vote and be apart of political upbringings has allowed blacks to feel apart of this society.

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In 2010 groups in the middle east revolted. it started on the 17 of December with the Tunisian Revolution. the lead on to civil wars in Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Then civil uprisings in many more middle Easter countries. There methods of spreading there revolution included Civil disobedience, civil resistance, revolutions, riots, strike actions, urban warfare, and uprisings. These conflicts have stopped since 2012 but only to clear the way for more wars and terrorism in the middle east.

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Claus was a German noble man and army officer, that joined up with the German Resistance . The German resistance was an opposition group that was active in between the years 1933 and 1945. They fought to defeat and Hitler and to destroy his regime, as they were against his mistreatment of the ‘undesirables', and attempted to aid those that were intended to be killed. In an attempt to kill off Hitler, Stauffenberg  had brought a bomb concealed within a briefcase to a Nazi bunker meeting. While outside the bunker, he had detonated the bomb. Unfortunately, the assassination attempt failed and as a result Claus and his colleagues were killed. Any actions that indicated a form of resistance, were considered treasonous. Those accused of such acts were soon arrested and imprisoned. The group was in an unfortunate situation as even the Allies had rejected working with them. Their acts of defiance created no long term changes, but it did help those that were saved at the time.

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"The climax of dissent, disruption and tragedy in all American history to date occurred in May, 1970. That month saw the involvement of students and institutions in protests in greater numbers than ever before in history." - Clark Kerr (Former President of University of California)
The Kent State Veitnam war protest is located in the United States. In the 1970's the President was Richard M. Nixon. There was the invasion of Cambodia by the United States. Nixon needed 150,000 more American soldiers to expand the war. He wanted more men, students or adults. However, there was a major protest because men did not want to leave their families and go to war. In Ohio, student's protested and the protesters set fire to the ROTC building. They killed four other students and wounded nine. There was also a time when 28 men opened fire on a big crowd in the streets. They ended up killing four people, and many were wounded.

The government said that the open fire was "unnecessary, unwarranted, and inexcusable." The police however ended up firing in dormitory and killed two, and nine were injured. This all happened at Ohio University.

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"Our people and our mother earth can no longer afford to be economic hostages in the race to industrialise our homelands. It's time for our people to rise up and take back our role as caretakers and stewards of the land." -Eriel Deranger (Athabasca Chipewyan First Nations)

Idle No More was founded in 2012. First started by three First Nation women, and one non-native ally. The Indigenous people were against the government policy that impacted their collective rights, social safety nets, and environmental protection. They wanted to seek to assert Indigenous inherent rights to sovereignty to protect their land and water. The Indigenous people only wanted Indigenous rights and respect for all of the treaties. The Indigenous as well said that they wanted better and improved Aboriginal health and living conditions on the reserves. They only wanted their rights to be seen and heard. They also want violence to end for women, and they wanted all the women that have been killed violently recognized.

Stephen Harper's government imposed stricter transparency on the First Nation's government. He also stated that the movement had a negative reaction from the public. He also said that it was not a priority.  Idle No More is still continuing on to this day.

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“The people want to bring down the regime”

Arab Springs consist of both violent and nonviolent demonstrations, protests, riots, and even civil wars that occurred in the Arab world beginning in 2010. Civil wars erupted in countries such as Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Uprisings occurred in Egypt and Bahrain, while demonstrations were held in Algeria, Iran, Lebanon, and Jordan, to name a few. The cause of the uprisings were dissatisfaction at the government by youth and unions. Large income gaps and the Great Recession were also said to be a factor. Governments in these countries were often dictatorships or absolute monarchies, and had numerous issues which include human rights violations, political corruption, extreme poverty, and unemployment.

The protesters were often met by violent responses by the government itself, the military, and pro-government groups, which led to more violence and large scale conflicts. The majority of conflicts faded in 2012 due to the violence. Only Tunisia has succeeded to transition to a constitutional democratic form of government.

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“Idle no more calls on all people to join in a peaceful revolution, to honour Indigenous sovereignty, and to protect land and water.”

The Treaties are agreements between the Indigenous people of Canada and the Canadian government which states that the First Nations people are willing to share their land, so long as they maintain their inherent rights to the land and its resources. Over the years, the Indigenous people have kept their side of the agreement, but the Canadian government has not. To this day, there are many outstanding land claims, lack of access to resources for Indigenous people, inadequate housing, and unequal funding for things such as education and healthcare.

The Indigenous people who began Idle No More believe that Canada has grown wealthy and powerful through the resources that have come from their land, but they have seen little of it be returned to them. Furthermore, the pursuit of these resources has left the environment dying. They believe that we need land and water to live, but the government has been poisoning it with their greed for more.

So, they began the peaceful Idle No More movement in 2012 which began hundreds of teach-ins, protests, and rallies. The group asks the government for six things:

1. Repeal Bill C-45, which include changes to the Indian Act and the Navigable Waters act that could infringe upon treaty rights and would cause serious environmental damage.

2. ‘Deepen democracy’ in Canada by applying proportional representation, consulting the people on legislation concerning collective rights and environmental protections, and restrict the control of corporate interests.

3. Respect the Indigenous people’s right to say no to any development on their land.

4. Honour historic treaties as they should be.

5. Resist violence against Indigenous women, and hold a national inquiry into the missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls.

6. Recognize and affirm Aboriginal title and rights.

PM Stephen Harper was noted to say that the Idle No More movement sparked a negative reaction from the public, and did not list the movement as a government priority. The government has not done anything in order to appease the Idle No More protesters, but the movement continues to this day.

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The FlQ war a terrorist group in the 1960’s to the 1970’s. The intentions of this group was to preserve the french culture, separate quebec from Canada, and degrade english. FLQ stands for the front liberation Quebec. These events took place in Canada, mainly in Quebec. The FLQ’s actions include; bombings, robberies, killings, and kidnappings.  James Cross and Pierre Laporte were two leaders that were kidnapped and killed. The FLQ did this to try and negotiate with the government but the government did not comply. Instead the government activated the war measures act and arrested people suspected of being a member of the FLQ. The FLQ was an example of violent and illegal dissent. They did not agree with the popular opinion and they argued their belief in an extreme and violent manner. There goal was never achieved and to this day Quebec remains apart of Canada. The french culture was preserved but because of the outcome of the quiet revolution not the FLQ.

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In May of 1950, the African National Congress, the community party of South Africa, Indian Congress, and the African people organization all worked together to organize a “freedom of speech” convention in Johannesburg. This convention was called to protest the suppression communism bill and banned Dr. Dadoo and Sam Khan from prohibiting them from speaking in certain cities. 500 people attended and 10000 went to the rally afterwards. The protest continued to go on and the police attacked individuals who continued to gather around. It got to the point where they used fire against the protesters killing 18 and wounding 30. Soon after, the suppression of communism was soon to be approved while the ANC’s national executive committee would call for a mourning day and general strike on June 26, 1950. It was decided  on that the african people should have a “stay at home” day on June 26 1950 where the refrain from going to work and mourn on the the lives that we lost due to the want for liberation. The African People’s organization passed the following resolutions: anti- segregation, equality for all people, and against the bills. Presidents of the A.P.O and S.A. I.C pledged their wholehearted active supports of their organizations to appeal the white voters and the working class of south Africa to join to struggle to defeat the tyrannical measures and having an extensive democracy to all people. Young men and women came forward and placed their services towards the new campaign as well as many students gave up their education, people gave up their jobs, and individuals put all the service possible towards this for all people to live in freedom. As organizations put this campaign together in a short period of time with all the intimidation from the police, they made June 26 successful.

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Edward Snowden is a american computer professional who worked for the US government. On May 20, 2013 he flew to Hong Kong and in early June released thousands of NSA documents to 3 reporters. He has said to have done in in a act of descent against the Us government for all the hacking and spying they do on there own citizens. The US government pressed charges with 2 counts of violating the espionage act of 1917 and theft of government property. Snowden flew to Russia where he signed a 3 year asylum contract with Russian officials. he is still living in a undisclosed location in Russia.

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The FLQ was a organisation trying to gain separation for Quebec from Canada and willing to go to great lengths like terrorism to do so.The FLQ crisis stared on October 5, 1970 with the kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross. Also the kidnapping and eventual murder of provincial leader Pierre Laporte. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau implemented the war measures act limiting Canadian citizens rights to keep them safe. He also sent the military to help in the efforts. In the end between 450-500 people were arrested without warrents but in only 62 were formally charged.

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June 11th 1950, the President General having temporary authority for the National Executive, declared a National Day of Protest on June 26th 1950 after having consulted with other leaders. He called upon all the African citizens living in South Africa and expressed the importance of  refraining from going to work, and rather regard that day as a day of mourning for all of those who lost their lives in the struggle for liberation (apartheid). The A.P.O supported this day as long as proper organisation would be conducted and a united front would be established on the following terms: anti segregation, equal rights for all, and being against the bills infringing upon their rights. White voters and the working class were encouraged to join the struggle for the depletion of the tyranny against democracy for all. Soon after, many individuals in South Africa dedicated themselves to the new campaign, freely placing their services and abandoning their jobs and educations for a fight to freedom.

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Martin Luther King's March on Washington 

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Martin Luther King's March on Washington 

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On August 28th 1963, 200,000 Americans gathered in Washington DC for a political rally to advocate passage for the civil rights act implemented in congress. The march was meant to shed light on political and social problems African Americans faced in society, and was intended to give civil rights to black people. Martin Luther King led the march and a key moment was his inspirational speech, “I have a dream”. This phrase became known as the highest ambition for the civil rights movement. The March on Washington group met annually to discuss and restate the demands they have for their racial justice and economic equality. The march was a miraculous success, and over 200,000 black and white American’s shared a day of heart warming speeches, prayers, and songs, led by entertainers, clergymen, politicians and political leaders.  The civil rights movement of the 1960’s completely altered the political climate exposing the injustices of society towards the discrimination of African Americans.