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Stable Federalism: The Failed English Language Amendment

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Stable Federalism: The Failed English Language Amendment

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This amendment would've made English the official Language of the United States. This would cause for everything to be written in English and only English. Labels, Signs, etc. The U.S. never had a legal policy stating that English was the only official language, but there have been areas where the use of the English language was brought up. The federal government decided that having the whole country be mainly English-speaking wouldn't necessarily be good or bad so the power went to the states. For instance, Delaware's official language is not English, nor is it any other language. It simply does not have an official language, unlike Oklahoma and many more states where English is the Official language.

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Stable Checks and Balances: U.S. vs. Nixon

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Stable Checks and Balances: U.S. vs. Nixon

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In June of 1972, a group of burglars broke into Democratic HQ located in the Watergate building in Washington D.C. In May 1973, President Nixon's Attorney chose Archibald Cox to be the special prosecutor, charged with investigating the crime scene. Nixon had planned for Cox to be fired. However, due to speculation, Nixon then hired Leon Jaworski who had been charges with leading the Watergate investigation. In April 1974, Jaworski received a letter basically informing him that Nixon has to release audio tapes and papers related to the encounters that Nixon had with the people who were involved in the Watergate scandal. The tapes were believed to have detrimental evidence involving the men and the president himself. Nixon refused to do so and was to be impeached; Though he resigned before the decision was made.

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Stable Limited Government: The 22nd Amendment

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Stable Limited Government: The 22nd Amendment

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The 22nd Amendment was evoked by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's bizarre streak of 4 presidential terms. The amendment places a two-term limit on any presidency. Congress passed the amendment in March of 1947 and it was finally ratified by 36 of the 48 states (at the time) in February of 1951.

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Stable Popular Sovereignty: Failed D.C. Voting Rights Amendment

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Stable Popular Sovereignty: Failed D.C. Voting Rights Amendment

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The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a an amendment that would have given the District of Colombia full representation in the Electoral College system. This would've provided a city with the same representation of a small state in a presidential election. The amendment was proposed on August 22 and received ratification in 16 states. 22 ratification short of what was needed in order for the amendment to be placed.

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Federalism: Brown vs. Board of Education

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Federalism: Brown vs. Board of Education

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Topeka, Kansas, 1950. Linda Brown and her sister Terry Lynn had to walk through a dangerous railroad path to get to their bus stop for their all-black school. There was a school closer to their house, but it was for white kids only. All schools were segregated legally. Though, the browns thought that this segregation among schools violated the constitution. They believed that it violated the 14th Amendment where it guarantees that all people will be treated equally. The federal district court decided that segregation among public schools could be harmful to black children; But the court said that all black schools are equal to all white schools, with transportation, curriculum and educational qualifications. To separate children in grade and high schools from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inadequacy as to their status in the community. The phrase "separate but equal" was no longer considered a valid policy.

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Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer were a same-sex couple living in New York were legally married in Toronto Canada in 2007. Thea died in 2009, Leaving everything to Edith, when Edith chose to claim her inheritance, she was prohibited from doing so by section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act. Which made the term "spouse" only eligible to be applied to heterosexual wedlock. The IRS found that the exception didn't apply to same-sex marriages and urged her to pay $364,053 in estate tax. In November of 2010, Windsor filed a lawsuit against the federal government in hopes of a refund because DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) singled out legally married same-sex couples "differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification."  In June of 2012, Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional. Shortly after, the case was brought to the Supreme Court for review. On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision stating that Section 3 of DOMA was indeed unconstitutional as a detriment of the liberty of a person protected by the Fifth Amendment.

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Limited Government: Prohibition of Alcohol

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Limited Government: Prohibition of Alcohol

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In the late 1800's, prohibition of alcohol had been buzzing around, specifically from religious groups that believed that alcohol (or being under the influence) would've put the country in jeopardy. The movement hadn't taken off until 1920 when congress ratified the 18th Amendment; which prohibited the sale and making of intoxicating beverages. The prohibition failed miserably as people kept bootlegging alcohol to the point that the government couldn't control the situation. Which led to the 21st Amendment with repealed the prohibition.

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 Popular Sovereignty: The Women's Suffrage Act. 

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 Popular Sovereignty: The Women's Suffrage Act. 

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The 19th Amendment guarantees Women the right to vote all throughout the United States. The Act became very apparent in 1848 after the first women's rights convention. The convention was put together by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, members of the abolitionists movement that met at an anti-slavery convention. Tennessee was the last state that hadn't ratified the 19th amendment, but on August 18th of 1920, the legislature of Tennessee barely approved and the amendment was ratified on August 26th