# data[].attributes.body
Colony - a country or a region governed internal by a foreign power

Protectorate - A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Sphere of Influence - An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Economic Imperialism - Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

# data[].attributes.body
Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem “The White Man’s Burden” was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of “civilization and progress” to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. In Kipling’s often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in “savage wars of peace.”

Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900.

The imperialist rhetoric of “civilization” versus “barbarism” that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoons—commonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge.

This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwide—and this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian?

# data[].attributes.body
In 1869, the Suez Canal was opened, greatly reducing the distance between Britain and India by some 4,500 miles as ships no longer needed to travel round southern Africa.

The Suez Canal together with the reliable service of steam-powered liners led to an increase in merchant and passenger shipping. As a result, maritime companies employed Indian lascar sailors in far greater numbers, as they were considered able to withstand the heat of engine rooms. Employed on ‘Asiatic’ contracts, they were paid much less than their British counterparts, thus enabling ship owners to increase profits.

Lascars were exploited as cheap labour to service Britain’s globalised trade networks. In the absence of trade unions for lascars, their campaign for better wages and working conditions became a long drawn-out struggle. Some jumped ship in Britain, setting up cafes and hotels in port cities or working as pedlars.

# data[].attributes.body
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.

# data[].attributes.body
Behind contemporary Christian-Muslim interaction and dialogue lie centuries of historical baggage that have resulted in misconception, misunderstanding, and mistrust. Two of the primary historical phenomena that color Christian-Muslim interaction and dialogue are the Crusades and colonial imperialism. This article concerns itself with these two historical events. After a brief description of Christian-Muslim interaction at the time of Muhammad, it discusses the volatile topic of the Crusades. It gives particular focus to three influential Christian leaders who, during the time of the Crusades, disagreed with the militaristic approach of the Crusaders. Then the article addresses Christian-Muslim interaction during the era of colonial imperialism.

# data[].attributes.headline
EUROPEANS SEACRED FOR THE ROUTES OF ASIA

# data[].attributes.subject
EUROPEANS SEACRED FOR THE ROUTES OF ASIA

# data[].attributes.body
They searched for different route going to Asia without passing the Meditteranean Sea, which was contolled by the Muslims. Thes exproation efforts were inititiated by nations with advanced navigational technology and strong naval and military forces such as portugal, spain, england, france, and holland. The Prince of Portugal, Henry the navigator, establish a navigational school to study the possible routes going to Asia. Resulted to the creation of a map that ship captains might use to navigate the Atlantic. They also improved the astrolabe of the Muslims to measure the latitude and longitude of the earth and the compass so that it gave accurate directions. In 1488, using all these new navigational technologies, the Portuguese headed by Bartolomew Diaz took the southern route of the Atlantic until they reached the tip of Africa called the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco Da Gama followed this route in 1497 and passing the Cape of the Good Hope turned left going up entering the Indian Ocean. After 10 months, da Gama reached Calicut, India and it was the first successful route going to Asia without passing the Mediterranean. In !492, Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, took the western route of the Atlantic hoping to land on the other end of the Asia. He reached America that he thought was India. Ferdinand Magellan, also sailing for Spain, followed Columbus’s route in 1521. But his fleets sailed down to the tip of America now called South America. Magellan died in the battle against Lapu-Lapu but his fleet continued their journey. Magellan’s exploration proved that the earth is round and that there is another way to Asia. It also gave the people complete knowledge of the geography of the world with the Atlantic Ocean separating Europe and Africa from America and the Pacific Ocean lies between Asia and America.

# data[].attributes.headline
THE MOTIVATION OF THE EUROPEANS TO REACH THE OTHER REGIONS OF ASIA

# data[].attributes.subject
THE MOTIVATION OF THE EUROPEANS TO REACH THE OTHER REGIONS OF ASIA

# data[].attributes.body
For the merchants, going to Asia to directly take part in its trade activities would be profitable as they could directly buy goods from the people who made the products, which should be a lot cheaper that buying them from their fellow merchants. For the members of religious organizations, going to Asia was an opportunity to increase their membership by converting “nonbelievers” to their respective religion. Government officials, on the other hand, found this as a chance to conquer smaller and less powerful kingdoms so that their riches would become theirs. While, scholars were motivated to go to Asia to gain more knowledge about the culture and technology of other civilizations.

# data[].attributes.body
Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.

# data[].attributes.body
During the height of the rule of the  mongol empire from 1206 to 1368, its territories included countries in east and north asia and eastern europe. Road network were built for faster trasnsportation and cummunication in the empire soon,these road networks turned into trade network and pilgrimage route by Asians and Europeans.

# data[].attributes.body
Through the end of the 13th century, groups of Crusaders sought to gain ground in the Holy Land through short-lived raids that proved little more than an annoyance to Muslim rulers in the region. The Seventh Crusade (1239-41), led by Thibault IV of Champagne, briefly recaptured Jerusalem, though it was lost again in 1244 to Khwarazmian forces enlisted by the sultan of Egypt. In 1249, King Louis IX of France led the Eighth Crusade against Egypt, which ended in defeat at Mansura (site of a similar defeat in the Fifth Crusade) the following year. As the Crusaders struggled, a new dynasty known as the Mamluks–descended from former slaves of the sultan–took power in Egypt. In 1260, Mamluk forces in Palestine managed to halt the advance of the Mongols, an invading force led by Genghis Khan and his descendants that had emerged as a potential ally for the Christians in the region. Under the ruthless Sultan Baybars, the Mamluks demolished Antioch in 1268, prompting Louis IX to set out on another Crusade, which ended in his death in North Africa (he was later canonized).

A new Mamluk sultan, Qalawan, had defeated the Mongols by the end of 1281 and turned his attention back to the Crusaders, capturing Tripoli in 1289. In what was considered the last Crusade, a fleet of warships from Venice and Aragon arrived to defend what remained of the Crusader states in 1290. The following year, Qalawan’s son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil, marched with a huge army against the coastal port of Acre, the effective capital of the Crusaders in the region since the end of the Third Crusade. After only seven weeks under siege, Acre fell, effectively ending the Crusades in the Holy Land after nearly two centuries. Though the Church organized minor Crusades with limited goals after 1291–mainly military campaigns aimed at pushing Muslims from conquered territory or conquering pagan regions–support for such efforts disappeared in the 16th century, with the rise of the Reformation and the corresponding decline of papal authority.

# data[].attributes.body
By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged far other Mediterranean civilization such as that of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic empire of the Middle East and North Africa. Meanwhile, Byzantium was losing considerable territory to the invading Seljuk Turks, who defeated the Byzantine Army at the battle of Manzikirt in 1071 and went on to gain control over much of Anatolia. After years of chaos and civil war, the general Alexius Comnenus seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and consolidated control over the remaining empire as Emperor Alexius I.

In 1095, Alexius sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for mercenary troops from the West to help confront the Turkish threat. Though relations between Christians in East and West had long been fractious, Alexius’ request came at a time when the situation was improving. In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the pope called on Western Christians to take up arms in order to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. Pope Urban’s plea met with a tremendous response, both among lower levels of the military elite (who would form a new class of knights) as well as ordinary citizens; it was determined that those who joined the armed pilgrimage would wear a cross as a symbol of the Church.