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1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? (2 examples)

2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner (learned) or Noam Chomsky (innate)? what items from this case support their theory?
-B.F. Skinner's language theory, ability to speak through learning, is supported by the show progressive condition of the feral children.

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G Stanley Hall
-"Storm and Stress"
-conflict with parents
-mood disruptions
-risky behavior
-NOT everybody goes through these three key aspects

Margaret Mead
-"Easy Transition"
-not harsh and difficult but an easy move

Erik Erikson
-Identity vs. Role Confusion

James Marcia
-interviewed ages 18-22 years about their occupational choices, religious and political beliefs, and values (central aspects of identity)

1) Identity Diffusion: sense of having no choices, unwilling to commit (not sure if you want to go to college)

2) Identity Foreclosure: willing to commit to seom things, conform to expectations of others (going to a certain college that your parents want you to go to)

3) Identity Moratorium: ready for choices, but not sure (know you want to go to college but not sure which one or for what)

4) Identity Achievement: commitment to an identity, resolved crisis (know which college you're going to and know exactly what you're going for)

Future Trends
-adolescence lasts longer (men and women are getting married in their early 30s instead of 20s)
-sexual maturity happens earlier for adolescents
-physical changes peak in 20s (slow decline)
-menopause (time of natural cessation of menstruation)
-slowed reactions
-women outlive men by 3 years worldwide

Cognitive Changes
-Dementia: loss of brain function affects memory, thinking, language, judgement, and behavior
-Alzheimer's: progressive and irreversible brain disorder
-characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning
-crystalized intelligence
-on'es accumulated knowldege and verbal skills
-tends to increase with age
-fluid intelligence
-ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
-tends to decrease during late adulthood

Death and Dying
Kubler-Ross
-Five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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David Elkind
-Imaginary Audience (everyone's looking at me)
-Personal Fables (ex.: I'm vulnerable)

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I can understand Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories (Jan. 26)

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I can understand Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories (Jan. 26)

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Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
Why do children play? (Piaget)
-self teaching by trial and error
-symbolic representation

Piaget say interaction with physical world
-overcome egocentrism
-learning through first hand experiences

Vygotsky says culture and education
-delaying immediate gratification
-practice self-regulation to learn to think about own world

Lev Vygotsky: Social Development Theory
-social interaction + cognitive development
-learning ---> development is enhanded with new tasks
-scaffolding or cognitive apprenticeship Model
-zone of proximal development help with other

Vygotsky's view of language
-primary method of communication between adults and children
-powerfoll tool of intellectual adaptation
-private speech (talk to self) vs. inner speech (talks in head
-thoughts are a result of language

Sociocultural Development: Children + Parent
Language Development
Critical periods: windows of opportunity for learning a language; as early as 6 years old

Chomsky: Langualge Acquisition Device
-born with internal mechanism

Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
-language determines how we think

Imprinting (Lorenz): the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (only happens in animals NOT humans)
-animals can imprint on humans or other animals

Temperament: easy, difficult or slow to warm up child
-shows which type of morality they'll lean towards

Stranger Anxiety and Attachment
-fear of strangers beginning around 8 months
-an emotional tie found in young children
-Ainsworth: Attachment Styles
-secure vs. insecure attachment
-anxious-resistant insecure attachment
-rage at mom when she arrives
-avoidant insecure attachment
-may not notice mother is gone

Types of Parents
Authoritarian
-parents impose rules and expect obedience
-"don't interrupt" "because I said so"

Permissive
-submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment

Authoritative
-both demanding and responsive
-set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

Uninvolved/Detached
-limited time/energy
-attachment issues
-delinquency

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I can understand Kohlberg's theory (Jan. 26)

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I can understand Kohlberg's theory (Jan. 26)

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Preconventional Level: Morality of self-interests to avoid punishment tor gain concrete rewards

Conventional Level: Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Postconventional Level: Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles

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Left vs. Right
OK Crisis

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(1) Infancy (1st year): Trust vs. Mistrust: if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

(2) Toddler (2nd year): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

(3) Preschooler (3-5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

(4) Elementary (6 years to puberty): Competence vs. Inferiority: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

(5) Adolescence (teens into 20): Identity vs. Role Confusion: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

(6) Young Adult (20's to early 40's): Intimacy vs. Isolation: Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

(7) Middle Adult (late 40's to early 60's): Generativity vs. Stagnation: The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

(8) Late Adult (late 60's and up): Integrity vs. Despair: When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

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I can understand Erik Erikson's theory (Jan. 25)

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I can understand Erik Erikson's theory (Jan. 25)

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Basic Trust:
-a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
-major task with each stage of life
-responsive caregiver

Self-Concept
-a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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I can understand Jean Piaget's theory (Jan. 24)

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I can understand Jean Piaget's theory (Jan. 24)

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Object Permanence: knowing that things continue to persist even when they you can't see them

baby mathematics: shown a numerically impossible outcome

egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view

theory of midn: ideas about your own and others mental states feelings, perceptions, and thoughs and the behavior these might predict

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1A: 75 (90)
1B: 3 (2)
2A: 60 (75)
2B: 45 (40)
3A: 10 (8)
3B: 10 (10)
4A: 15 (teenager)
4B: 40 (40)
5A: 15 (15)
5B: 40 (35)
6A: 15 (11)
6B: 50 (65)
7A: 50 (50)
7B:15 (16)

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I can understand developmental research designs (Jan. 23)

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I can understand developmental research designs (Jan. 23)

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Cross-Sectional Research: research done on many subjects of different ages at the same time
-Advantages: inexpensive, takes relatively little tine to complete, avoids high attrition rates (dropouts)
-Disadvantages: different age groups are NOT necessarily alike, subjects of chronological age might NOT be same maturation age, cohort differences and age differences are confounded

Longitudinal Research: research done on one group of subjects over many years
-Advantages: generates DETAILED information about subjects, inexpensive
-Disadvantages: high attrition

Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Cognition : all mental activites associated with learning, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets informations (infant sees a dog and yells cat)

assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of existing schemas

accomadation: adapting one's current understanding (schema) to incorporate new information

Piaget's Four Stages