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·      Hydrogen peroxide

·      Water

·      Circa. 4 cubic centimeters of fresh liver sample

·      2 Pasteur Pipettes

·      Tweezers

·      Prodding stick of some sort

·      5 test tubes (100+ ml)

·      One wooden dowel rod

·      Heat source

·      Lighter

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In conclusion, enzymes are exceptionally efficient at breaking down substrates, but can only function properly in certain environments. This was demonstrated by the 5th test tube, because while the room temperature tube (test tube 2) reacted and broke the peroxide down into oxygen and water, the heated tube (the 5th one) did not, thereby demonstrating the process of denaturation.

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What are Enzymes? What are their roles in chemical reactions?

Enzymes are organic catalysts, used to speed up the breakdown of various compounds during the digestive process.

Describe what happened to test tube 2 when hydrogen peroxide was added to the liver.  What gas was produced?  What liquid was left behind?

When peroxide was added to liver, the enzymes in the liver began to break down the hydrogen peroxide into two products: oxygen and water.

What effect does the red hot wood have on test tube 4? WHY is the flame being produced?

The red hot wood, when exposed to test tube 4, flared up. This is because the chemical reaction between the liver enzymes and peroxide produced pure oxygen, an extremely flammable gas.

What effect does temperature have on the enzymes?

The increased temperature of the peroxide prevented the enzymes from functioning properly, as they likely denatured due to the abnormal temperature.

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Results

| Test tube | Substance | Catalyst | Reaction
| #1 | Water | Liver | None
| #2 | Hydrogen Peroxide | Liver | Bubbling
| #3 | Peroxide | Heat | None
| #4 | Peroxide + Liver | Heat | Flare-up
| #5 | Boiling Peroxide | Liver | None

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Place 4 test tubes in clamps to keep them oriented. Place a fifth tube on a clamp above your heat source. Drop hydrogen peroxide into this fifth tube until it reaches the 2 cm mark. Make sure the peroxide will not boil, but exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Drop 2 cm of water in another test tube. This will be the control. Take a 1 cm3 sample of liver with the tweezers and place it in the control sample, ensuring that the sample touches the water. Nothing should happen. Next, drop 2 cm of peroxide in a second test tube. Then, place another liver sample of aforementioned size in the tube. Ensure that the liver is submerged. The liver and the peroxide should begin to react, bubbling at a moderate rate.

After this, fill another tube with 2 cm of peroxide. This is the control in a subsection of the experiment, which proves that the peroxide is breaking down into oxygen and water. Light the dowel rod on fire, and let it burn for approximately 5 seconds. Blow it out, but leave a small ember on the edge of the rod. Stick the ember into the 3rd test tube, just above the hydrogen peroxide. Nothing should happen. This demonstrates that hydrogen peroxide is not flammable. Once again, fill a 4th test tube with 2 cm of peroxide. Place the previously designated amount of liver sample into the tube. As the reaction occurs, relight the dowel rod and create an ember. Place the ember just above the bubbles in the currently reacting tube. The ember should flare up from the oxygen being produced. Be sure not to place the ember in the bubbles, as they contain water, a fire retardant.

Lastly, remove the heated sample of peroxide from the heat source and place it on a clamp. Quickly place the last sample of liver into the tube. Nothing should happen, demonstrating the denaturing process of enzymes.

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Our bodies are constantly using enzymes to break down various substrates that would otherwise pass undigested. Enzymes do this by catalyzing the breakdown of these substrates, lowering the amount of energy needed to start the chemical reaction thereby speeding up the process. This lab will demonstrate how enzymes in the liver react with the substrate hydrogen peroxide, breaking it down into water and oxygen. The lab will also prove that an increase in temperature can inhibit the functionality of the enzymes.

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To demonstrate the effects of enzymes in the liver on hydrogen peroxide, as well as observe what factors can alter an enzyme’s performance