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-DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE
(a)arrhenius definition

Basically Arrhenius said
- acid produce H+
-base produce OH-

(b)bronsted-lowry definition

Acid ---> conjugate base
Base ---> conjugate acid

(c)lewis definition

-WATER AND PH SCALE
(a) autoionizaton of water
(b)the ph scale : ph and poh

-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KA AND KB
-THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES
(a)the degree of dissociation
(b)the dissociation constant K

-PH OF THE ACID AND BASE SOLUTION
(a)strong acids and bases
: ph of strong acids and bases calculations

(b)weak acids and bases
: ph of weak acids and bases calculations

Calculation on strong acid/base are different with weak acid/base. First thing you need to do is identify the type of acid/base

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7.1 : ACIDS AND BASES
7.2 : SALT HYDROLYSIS
7.3 : BUFFER SOLUTION
7.4 : ACID AND BASES TITRATIONS
7.5 : SOLUBILITY EQULIRIBRIA

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A) TEMPERATURE
i - endothermic reaction   🔼+
the Kc & Kp increase if the temperature increases,  reaction proceed from left to right.

ii- exothermic reaction      🔼-
the Kc & Kp increase if the temperature decreases,  reaction proceed from left to right.

B) CONCENTRATION

R⬆  SHIFT L TO R
R ⬇  SHIFT R TO L
P ⬆  SHIFT R TO L
P⬇  SHIFT L TO R

C) CHANGE IN PRESSURE AND VOLUME

Pressure⬆  , Volume⬇ , therefore no of mol ⬇ .
SHIFT R TO L

Pressure⬇  , Volume ⬆ , therefore no of mol ⬆ .
shift  L TO R

D) THE EFFECTS OF CATALYST ON EQ

it will not shift an eq position

bcs both rates r equally increaased

eq achieved faster

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-LAW OF EQ
-THE EQ CONSTANT EXPRESSION
a) homogenous equilibrium ( reactants and product in the same phase )

-WRITING Kc AND Kp EXPRESSION FOR HOMOGENOUS EQ
example :

N2O4 >< 2no2
Kc = [ NO2]^2 / [ N2O4 ]
Kp = P^2 NO2 / PN2O4

b)heterogenous equilibrium ( reactants and products in diff phases )

- WRITING Kc AND Kp EXPRESSION FOR HETEROGENOUS EQ

example :

Ni (s) + 4CO (g) >< NiCO4 (g)

Kc = [ NICO4] / [CO]^4
Kp = PNi(CO4) / P^4CO

- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Kc AND Kp
reactions involving gases , kc kp arent necessarily equal
to obtain the concentration of gas X in a mixture
Px = [X]RT

- Kc AND Kp PROBLEMS CALCULATIONS

- INITIAL QUANTITIES ( initial concentration  intial partial pressure ) and Kc or Kp
- DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION

%a = change in concentration / initial concentration X 100%

- PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF A REACTION
Q= nonequilibrium conditions

Q > K = R TO L
Q = K = EQUILIBRIUM
Q < K = L TO R

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surah an naba summarizes the revelation on the creation of mountains and how they stabilizes the nature

-REVERSIBLE REACTION
-NON-REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
a) concentration vs time graph for the reversible reaction
b) rate vs time graph for the reversible reaction

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TODAYYYY ✔

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CHEMIST
- LAB TEST 5
- FINAL EXAM 30
____________________
35

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📍 FINAL EXAM

-Chemist (6 & 7)

C6

C7

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FRI
We will also include questions on experiments that we have done virtually, by giving data, so that you can choose which result is the correct ones, and which discussions are related.

Basically, if you are really doing the lab report on your own previously, you can answer the question very well. Unfortunately, if it was plagiarized in any way, then you would struggle.

So take care and be calm.

The end of semester is near.

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RECORDING 23/11

- 6.1 : DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
- 6.2: EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
-6.3 : LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE

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-VAN DER WAALS FORCES
-LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
-MOLECULAR SIZE
-MOLECULAR SHAPE
-MOLECULAR POLARITY
-HYDROGEN BONDING
-EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BOND ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-EFFECTS ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS
-EFFECTS ON THE DENSITY OF WATER AND ICE

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- 5.1  : LEWIS STRUCTURE
- 5.2 : MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY
- 5.3 : ORBITAL OVERLAP AND HYBRIDIZATION
- 5.4 : INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- 5.5 : METALLIC BONDING

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-VALENCE BOND THEORY
-HYBRIDIZATION THEORY
1. sp hybridization
2.sp2 hybridization
3.sp3 hybridization
4.sp3d hybridization
5. sp3d2 hybridization

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0-39 E
40-44 D
45-49 D-
50-54 C
60-64 B-
65-69 B
70-74 B+
75-79 A-
80-100 A

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-VSEPR
-PREDICTING THE MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF A COMPOUND
-COMPARING THE BOND ANGLES OF MOLECULES
-POLAR BOND AND POLAR MOLECULE
-COVALENT BOND BETWEEN SAME ATOMS
-COVALENT BOND BETWEEN DIFFERENT ATOMS
-MOLECULES WITH LOBE PAIRS ON THE CENTRAL ATOM
-PREDICTING MOLECULAR POLARITY

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-LEWIS DOT SYMBOL
-OCTET RULE
-FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND
a) ionic bond    ✔             b)covalent bond
c)dative and coordinate bond
-EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
a)incomplete octet       b)expanded octet
c)odd number electrons
-DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURE
-FORMAL CHARGE

-RESONANCE STRUCTURE