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Laws were implemented and they stated that educating a slave was a crime. For example, if you were caught teaching a slave to read or write then you had to pay 100 pounds.

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William and Mary College invite Natives to their college, but Natives decline due to differences in educational ideas.

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U.S. pledged to provide suitable education for the American Indian peoples in the Northwestern Ordinance of 1787.

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First African American Free School opened in NYC. The goal was to educate African American students equally to white children.

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Filipinos were primary laborers with little education who were recruited to work on farms and canneries along the West Coast. Viewed as economic and social threats.

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Indian Civilization Act, gave up to $10,000 a year for religious groups to establish mission schools for Native Americans.

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Roberts v. City of Boston: court case seeing to end racial discrimination in Boston public schools. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in favor of Boston.

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Charles Sumner and Sarah C. Roberts sued the city of Boston for refusing to let African American students attend their schools; they lost but in 1855, Massachusetts changed its laws to prevent schools from denying admission based on race, color, and prejudice.

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School policies ordered that English be the only language spoken in class. If students spoke Spanish in class, they would often face punishment.

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Chinese children were the only racial group to be denied a state-funded education. Chinese were the one of the last minorities at that time to be admitted into American public schools.

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Compulsory Education Act: provided funding for more boarding schools. A compulsory attendance law allowed officers to forcibly take Native American children from their homes and reservations.

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Miriam Report criticizes the quality of education the U.S provided to the Native Americans; called fro a more child centered, culturally appropriate education.

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Schools for Mexican American children focused on vocational and manual training, learning English, and hygiene.

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Mendez v. Westminster: Sylvia Mendez waw turned away from a California public school for "whites only." Her father, represented by a civil rights attorney, sued four of Los Angeles' area school districts and won a class action lawsuit.

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Number of students of Asian descent averaged 30-35 students. Students continued to achieve in the classroom and graduate with their respective degree, and continued to be part of the graduate student rank.

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Brown v. Board of Education ruled that racial segregation of schools was unconstitutional.

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Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg County Board of Education gave transportation access to African American students to go to schools outside of their own neighborhoods, which white students had access to decades before.

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Milliken v. Bradley: Limited the power of federal courts to order integration across school districts boundaries.

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On average, the nation's Latino children attended elementary schools in which nearly 40 percent of their schoolmates were white.

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No Child Left Behind Act was passed, which held schools accountable for helping students meet certain standards. Subgroups of students including Latino students were tracked in order to measure achievement.

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19.8 percent of African American high school sophomores went on to earn at least a bachelor's degree in the next 10 years, which was half the number of their white counterparts.

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Idealization of Asian-Americans as a "model minority." Asian-Americans make up roughly 5 percent of public schools enrollment nationally.

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The pandemic contextualizes the lack of technological access Native American students have: 1/10 have some type of access to the internet at home, and 1/4 declare the cost of internet is too high.

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Sahar Samim
Jose De La Cruz Santana
Natalie Montiel
Iyali Regla Pena

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A study of the history of education of racial and ethnic groups during Colonial America and the United States