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Intro:
Background:
- Civil Rights Movements b.g; origins, under Eisenhower, under Johnson
Thesis: Both Eisenhower and Johnson displayed a sufficient amount of support for the Civil Rights Movement in their own contexts through upholding federal law and passing bills.

OCI: Their support for the civil rights movement was a method to divert the attention from the US’ international moves and a way to prevent further internal conflict during their presidency.

Paragraph 1:
- Introduce Eisenhower
- Introduce Johnson
- Highlights of civil Rights movement

Paragraph 2:

Point 2:

Evidence:

Analysis:

Evidence 2:

Analysis:

Paragraph 3:
Point 3:

Evidence:

Analysis:

Evidence 2:

Analysis:

Conclusion:

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Citation: Eisenhower, Dwight D. "1957 Address on Little Rock, Arkansas." HistoryMatters,
American Social History Project/ Center for Media and Learning, 24 Sept.
1957, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6335/. Speech.

Annotation: In this speech, Eisenhower declares his thoughts concerning the Little Rock mob event against the 9 black students who were attempting to integrate into a previously all-white school after the 1954 Brown Vs. Board Supreme Court Ruling. Eisenhower presents a measured speech against the prevalence of “mob control” that directly violated the edicts of American federal law.

Eisenhower’s speech falls coincidentally before the presidential elections. One could argue that the speech was his attempt to mobilize or secure the African American Vote. Additionally, Eisenhower had shown reluctance in addressing the conflict at hand as he was initially disappointed in the Brown Vs. Board ruling as well.

Citation: Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the
Union." The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John T.
Woolley, 2 Feb. 1953, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9829. Speech.

Annotation: Eisenhower establishes that while he understands segregation is a point of contention in the United States, he does not explicitly refer to the civil rights movement, nor does he dedicate more than a few lines of his long union speech to the movement. Thus, it can be argued that the civil rights movement was not truly on his mind and not at the forefront of his political policies.

Citation: Presidential Strategies and Civil Rights, the Early Years, 1952-54
(Secondary)
- Discusses Eisenhower's conflicted stance between garnering support from the black and

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Both Eisenhower and Johnson displayed a sufficient amount of support for the Civil Rights Movement in their own contexts through upholding federal law and passing bills.

OCI: Their support for the civil rights movement was a method to divert the attention from the US’ international moves and a way to prevent further conflict.

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The Fair Housing Act outlawed the discrimination concerning property sales, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, colour, nationality, and sex. The bill was under contentious debate but was quickly passed after the assassination of Martin Luther King.
- Holds the stature of the last major civil rights legislature.
- Led to the growth of ghettoes, or inner city communities with high minority populations that were filled with unemployment, crime and other social problems.

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Prevented the use of literacy tests and other means to prevent black people from voting. The bill also integrated federal oversight on voter registration in areas where white people were 50% or less of the population. Additionally, the bill prompted the U.S attorney general to investigate poll taxing in state and local elections, leading the the ban of poll taxing on local and state levels in 1966.

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Kennedy introduced the act in 1963 but the act was passed under Lyndon B. Johnson. The 1964 Civil Rights Act criminalized segregation in public sectors and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, or national origin. Businesses could no longer deny the rights of minorities and people of colour.
- Johnson established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- The bill also stated that federal funds could not be used to for any discriminatory programs.
- Lead to the 1965 Voters Act and the 1968 Fair Housing Act

- Martin Luther King deemed the bill the "second emancipation"

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In 1957, Eisenhower laid down the federal law in order to protect 9 African American students (Little Rock Nine) from physical harassment and terrorization in white schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Eisenhower stresses that his main goal was to uphold federal law and not because he supported desegregation.

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The original 1957 Civil Rights Act was drafted by Dwight D. Eisenhower and had four main incentives:
1) The creation of a civil rights commission to investigate voting irregularities
2) Creating a civil rights division in the Justice Department
3) Grants attorney general the unprecedented authority to file lawsuits in order to protect broad constitutional rights, such as school desegregation
4) Federal civil suits to prosecute voter violations
Eisenhower broke the Congressional deadlock on Civil Rights and paved the way to the 1964 Civil Rights Act despite have to reach a point of compromise with Southerners who refused to grant constitutional rights (Part 3 and 4) to African Americans.

Integral to Johnson's later act which allowed for the instillation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voters Act. Johnson also helped pass the 1957 Civil Rights Act.

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http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Dwight_Eisenhower_Civil_Rights.htm
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/opinion/12nichols.html
http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/lyndon-johnson-civil-rights-racism
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-civil-rights-movement-in-america-1945-to-1968/the-1957-civil-rights-act/
https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/domestic-affairs
http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/why-dont-we-ike-civil-rights
http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Dwight_Eisenhower_Civil_Rights.htm
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act

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Short Profile: Sworn in office (1963) after John F. Kennedy's assassination. Due to his decisions surrounding the Vietnam War, Johnson did not run for a second term and retired from office in 1969.
General Views on the Civil Rights Movement:
- Lyndon B Johnson is often considered as a civil rights hero for passing the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. At the same time, Johnson was racist and was especially so against Asians during World War II, seeking to prevent immigration on a racial bases.

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Short Profile: Served 2 terms in office (1953-1961), worked as a supreme commander during World War II. Eisenhower was responsible for removing America from the Korean War.
General Views on the Civil Rights Movement:
- Eisenhower is considered to shown reluctant acceptance the Civil Rights Movement . After the Brown v. Board ruling, Eisenhower stated his dissatisfaction but stated that he would uphold federal law. Additionally, while Johnson is often accredited for passing the 1957 Civil Rights Act, Eisenhower was the main instigator of the bill. So while Eisenhower held racist beliefs, that did not interfere with his overall adherence to the supreme court ruling, drawing tepid resolutions to dismantle the racial hierarchy in the US