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Amazon.Com, 2017, https://www.amazon.com/Out-Darkness-Fiction-Young-Adult/dp/1467742023.

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Barbezat, S. (2017). Your Guide to the History & Meaning of the Mexican Flag. [online] TripSavvy. Available at: https://www.tripsavvy.com/the-mexican-flag-1588860 [Accessed 7 Dec. 2017].

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Racism is all over the place, whether it was intentional or not. Many people make comments, not knowing how they affect other people and how they are racist.

"Trump made the comment as he stood near a portrait of President Andrew Jackson [...] he is an unpopular figure in Indian Country because he oversaw the forced removal of American Indians from their southern homelands" (Kellman).

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Families of Navajo war veterans who were honored at the White House say they were dumbfounded that President Donald Trump used the event to take a political jab at a Massachusetts senator, demeaning their work with an unbreakable code that helped the U.S. win World War II.

Trump turned to a nickname he often deployed for Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren during the 2016 presidential campaign: Pocahontas. He then told the three Navajo Code Talkers on stage Monday that he had affection for them that he doesn't have for Warren.

"It was uncalled for," said Marty Thompson, whose great-uncle was a Navajo Code Talker. "He can say what he wants when he's out doing his presidential business among his people, but when it comes to honoring veterans or any kind of people, he needs to grow up and quit saying things like that."

Pocahontas is a well-known historical figure who bridged her own Pamunkey Tribe in present-day Virginia with the British in the 1600s. But the National Congress of American Indians says Trump wrongly has flipped the name into a derogatory term, and the comment drew swift criticism from American Indians and politicians.

"Our nation owes a debt of gratitude to the Navajo Code Talkers, whose bravery, skill & tenacity helped secure our decisive victory over tyranny & oppression during WWII," Arizona Republican Sen. John McCain, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, tweeted Tuesday. "Politicizing these genuine American heroes is an insult to their sacrifice."

White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders, asked about criticism of Trump's remarks, said a racial slur "was certainly not the president's intent."

Trump made the comment as he stood near a portrait of President Andrew Jackson, which he hung in the Oval Office in January. Trump admires Jackson's populism. But Jackson is an unpopular figure in Indian Country because he oversaw the forced removal of American Indians from their southern homelands.

The Navajo Nation suggested Trump's remark was an example of "cultural insensitivity," and they resolved to stay out of the "ongoing feud between the senator and President Trump."

"All tribal nations still battle insensitive references to our people. The prejudice that Native American people face is an unfortunate historical legacy," Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye said in a statement.

Still, Begaye and relatives of Navajo Code Talkers said they're honored the story of the men recruited from the vast Southwest reservation to become Marines could be told on a national stage. Peter MacDonald, a former Navajo chairman and trained Code Talker, who stood beside Trump, also took the opportunity to ask for support for a Navajo Code Talker museum. Trump obliged.

MacDonald didn't return messages left Monday by The Associated Press. He didn't visibly react to Trump's "Pocahontas" comment and later told the president he was certain he would succeed, crediting military generals.

Michael Smith, a Marine whose father was a Code Talker, said most of the Code Talkers would be skeptical about going to the White House because it could be construed to mean they support a political cause.

"So, why did they go? Why were they there? He's putting them in the Oval Office to say 'You did a good job, and say hi to Pocahontas?'" Smith said. "They should be taken care of as heroes, not as pawns."

Michael Nez, whose father helped develop the code based on the Navajo language, said his father would have been upset to hear Trump's Pocahontas comment. But, as other Code Talker relatives said, his father was taught to respect the president as the commander in chief.

"It's too bad he does put his foot in his mouth," Nez said. "Why he does it? I don't know."

Helena Begaii said her 94-year-old Navajo Code Talker father, Samuel T. Holiday, declined an invitation to the White House on Monday. She said he would have a better feel for what happened once he reads the newspaper.

"I feel really sad that they didn't get treated with respect," she said.

Trump's Pocahontas comment is the latest in a long list of remarks Trump has made about people from specific ethnic and racial groups. In announcing a run for the presidency in 2015, Trump said many Mexican immigrants are rapists. He's sought to ban immigrants from certain Muslim-majority nations. He's come under fire for what some said was a too-slow federal response to hurricane damage in Puerto Rico.

The president has long feuded with Warren, an outspoken Wall Street critic who leveled blistering attacks on Trump during the campaign. Trump seized on questions about Warren's heritage, which surfaced during her 2012 Senate race challenging incumbent Republican Sen. Scott Brown.

Warren said in an interview on MSNBC that, unfortunately, Trump cannot make it through a ceremony honoring heroes "without having to throw out a racial slur."

Democratic New Mexico Sen. Tom Udall, vice chairman of the Indian Affairs committee, added: "Donald Trump's latest racist joke - during Native American Heritage Month, no less - demeaned the contributions that the Code Talkers and countless other Native American patriots and citizens have made to our great country."
Kellman reported from Washington, D.C. Associated Press writer Catherine Lucey in Washington, D.C., contributed to this report.

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Trump's 'Pocahontas' jab stuns families of Navajo war vets

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Families of Navajo war veterans who were honored at the White House say they were dumbfounded that President Donald Trump used the event to take a political jab at a Massachusetts senator, demeaning their work with an unbreakable code that helped the U.S. win World War II.

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"BBC - Higher Bitesize History - Race Relations Between The Wars : Revision, Page2." Bbc.Co.Uk, 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/usa/race/revision/2/.

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(Rayna)

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Black Lives Matter. (2017). Programs. [online] Available at: https://blacklivesmatter.com/programs/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

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Bob Greene, CNN Contributor. "Signs Of America's Racial Past - CNN." CNN, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/22/opinion/greene-racial-signs/index.html.

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Central Press. "Black American Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Addresses...." Getty Images, 2017, http://www.gettyimages.com/license/2674125.

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Kellman, Felicia. "Trump's 'Pocahontas' Jab Stuns Families Of Navajo War Vets." Chicagotribune.Com, 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-trump-pocahontas-comment-20171128-story.html.

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In "Out Of Darkness" the chapters switch between many people and their perspectives, but there are two main characters out of everyone. Some of the people that are characters in chapters are Naomi, Wash, Beto, Henry, and The Gang. Out of all of these people the main two are Wash Fuller and Naomi Vargas. Both of the main character experience racism and difficulties because of their skin color and fall in love, despite the fact that a Mexican girl and a Black boy are not allowed to be together because of strict racial beliefs in Texas at the time.

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Perez, Ashley. Out of Darkness. Carolrhoda Lab, 2015.

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Everyone knows about the abolition of slavery at the end of the Civil War, but racism did not die with slavery. It is something that exists today and that is a real issue that many people face. Even though there have been many influential people who called for equality for people of all races, like the famous Martin Luther King Jr., it is still a major problem today. There are many major organizations,  Black Lives Matter being a prominent one, that fight for the rights and equality of black people.

"Policymakers and white supremacists have promised more death, disenfranchisement, and deportations" (Black Lives Matter).

(Central Press)

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During the early 1900s racism was a very large issue, with there being different bathrooms and water fountains for colored people than white people. Some people were denied jobs and education simply because of the color of their skin, while others were  given those things based solely on their skin.

"The Southern states were very effective at limiting the political power of the black populations in their boundaries" (BBC 2).

(Bob Greene)

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Wash is an African-American whose father has always taught him to be quiet and hold his tongue around white people.

"'I know she's a cheat, son. But that's how it is. You can't show your anger. Never show your anger. Otherwise you give them power over you. You don't have to look for trouble for it to find you [...] Remember, son, when it comes to white, 'yessir, yessum' is the only answer you know'" (Perez 22).

It was instilled in him when he was younger to fear white people and to avoid showing himself to them, which shows how racism was very prominent in the time period his character lived in.

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Naomi is Mexican and has experienced blatant racism, such as being told she cannot shop at a grocery store.

"'So there's brown ones and black ones, that don't matter. What matters is that they don't sully up my store [...] You're greasin' up my floor just standing there'" (Perez 45).

Naomi is in an interesting situation because she is not black, but she is also not white, so she still experiences racism, but people are unsure how to go about her and her presence. She still runs into racism because she is not white so there are still stigmas around her, but it puts many people in an interesting situation.

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You can only control yourself and your thoughts, not others.

Change starts with you and everyone else, but you can only change yourself. People need to understand that we are all the same thing, we just have different packaging. Some people are short, tall, round, skinny, blonde, black, white, asian, male, female, and that's just the way we were made. We can't control our genes that affect our outward appearance, but we can control how we think about and judge others because of their outward appearance. Everyone should be treated equally and with kindness, no matter their race.

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(Barbezat)

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Rayna. "Equal Pay For Equal People ." Emaze Presentations, 2017, https://www.emaze.com/@AQLTCIQC/Equal-Pay-For-Equal-People-.

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Refried Jeans. "New London CT~State Street Monument~Barber Shop~Drug Store~1930S Cars~Linen PC." Hippostcard.Com, 2017, https://www.hippostcard.com/listing/new-london-ctstate-street-monumentbarber-shopdrug-store1930s-carslinen-pc/8754472.

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(Refried Jeans)