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Abu Bakr was the father in law of Muhammad and the first ever caliph.

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When Umar died, the council he started chose Uthman as the next caliph. After Uthaman, the next caliph was not chosen. There was a battle between Ali and Muawiya of who was going to be the next caliph. Then Ali was murdered and Muawiya became the next caliph.

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After the death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father in law) became the first caliph. After Abu Bakr's death, Umar became the next caliph through Abu's appointment. Through him they established a council that will choose the next caliph.

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Map of the Arabian Peninsula (w/ Trade Routes)

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Map of the Arabian Peninsula (w/ Trade Routes)

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The Arabian Peninsula today is mainly desert, causing it to have hot and dry climate. Due to this, (plant and animal) life rarely lived in this environment. Settlements in the Arabian Peninsula were made around oases, an area of land fed by underground wells and springs.

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At its height, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Middle East and parts of Europe.

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The Ottoman Empire first started in 1299 CE Turkey. In 1517, they took over Egypt, dismantling the Abbasid Caliphate and becoming the next dynasty to rule over the Islamic Empire. They continued to rule until 1923 when the empire fell and later became Turkey.

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After a revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate succeeded them. The Abbasid Caliphate was divided into 2 periods. The first period (750-1258 CE) is considered to be the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire  due to achievements in the areas of mathematics, science, art and medicine.

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At 1258 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate was attacked by Mongols, forcing the caliphate to flee into Egypt. During this time, the Abbasid Caliphate only had power over the religion of Islam.

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The Umayyad Caliphate was the first caliphate to rule the Islamic Empire. It ruled for 89 years (661-750 CE). The caliphate was founded by Muawiya's son, Yazid. Below is a picture of a gold dinar, a form of currency in the caliphate.

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The Umayyad Caliphate was one of the most successful caliphates. During the caliphate, they expanded their territory to the Iberian Peninsula (modern day Spain and Portugal) and to some parts of India. They were also the first caliphate to name Arabic as their official language.