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N5          What is the haworth projection ?  How many cyclic form are there?  Wich is the difference between alfa and beta projection?

Haworth projection can be use to rapresent the cyclic form of monosaccharides.

There are a two cyclic form:

Alpha:  the oh will be pointing down.

Beta : the oh will be pointing up.

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12) What are disaccharides? How are they chemically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides?  RISPOSTA CORRETTA

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12) What are disaccharides? How are they chemically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides?  RISPOSTA CORRETTA

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Disaccharides are chemical compounds of the family of carbohydrates, or sugars. A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides condense to each other, the former with the hemiacetal hydroxyl, the latter with any of its hydroxyls, elimination a water molecule. Chemically a disaccharide is an acetal, and the binding that is formed is an acetal bond, commonly caled O-glicosidic. The main disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose.

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18) Describe the oxidation of the glucose

The glucose contain many alcohol groups,so if we operate in proper conditions, this groups can be oxidized to aldehyde groups by oxidation reactions.
The aldehyde group of an acyclic sugar (when the chain is open) can be oxidized to  carboxylic acid to form a molecule called aldonic acid. (piruvic acid)
formula:

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Describe the main characteristics of galactose.

Galactose is a monosaccharide with the brute formula C6H12O6

It is important because it is present in lactose, an important disaccharide of milk, in which it is linked to glucose by a 1,4 glycosidic bond (through an oxygen bridge between the carbon atom 1 of galactose and the carbon atom 4 of glucose).

Galactose is equal to glucose in composition and structure, the only difference is in the position of -OH on C-4.

Galactose is naturally occurring as a component of many oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, pectins, gums and mucilages.

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14) Describe the structure of sucrose, its link and how it is optained.

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14) Describe the structure of sucrose, its link and how it is optained.

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Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked together by a Alfa-1,2-glicosidic bond. It is optained by a condensation reaction of the two simple sugars.

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Descrive the structure of starch and the difference between amyloso and amylopctin

Amylose is a linear polymeric chain of glucose units with 1-4 glycosididic bonds
Amylopectin is another unit of starch molecule with 1-4 glycosidic bonds which is Also a polymer of glucose molecules, but have other 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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8) WHAT IS THE MUTAROTATION? (Davide Gandolfo)

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8) WHAT IS THE MUTAROTATION? (Davide Gandolfo)

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The mutorotation is a equilibrium between two cyclic form of sugar (alpha and beta anomeres) and the linear forum.

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6) What is the name of the two cyclic forms? 

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6) What is the name of the two cyclic forms? 

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The name of the two cyclic forms are:
- alfa-D-Glucopyranose.
- beta-D-Glucopyranose.

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12) What are disaccharides? How are they chemically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides

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12) What are disaccharides? How are they chemically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides

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Disaccharides are chemical compounds of the family of carbohydrates, or sugars. A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides condense to each other, the former with the hemiacetal hydroxyl, the latter with any of its hydroxyls, elimination a water molecule. Chemically a disaccharide is an acetal, and the binding that is formed is an acetal bond, commonly caled O-glicosidic. The main disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and fructose.

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3)What is a monosaccharide? How many types of simple sugar do exist? Which are the main monosaccharides?

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3)What is a monosaccharide? How many types of simple sugar do exist? Which are the main monosaccharides?

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A monosaccharide is the smallest carbohydrate molecule and are often called simple sugar.
Exist two types of simple sugar: aldose and ketose.
The main monosaccharides are: glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose.

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9)Describe the main characteristic of glucose, what is it know as dextrose?

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9)Describe the main characteristic of glucose, what is it know as dextrose?

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Glucose contain six carbon atoms and an aldeyde group, form many disaccharides like maltose and lactose. Is know dextrose because it rotates the polarized light to the right

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5)what is haworth projection?what form exist?(Valerio)

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19) How do you form an hemiacetale? (Lorenzo Tulipani

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19) How do you form an hemiacetale? (Lorenzo Tulipani

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An hemiacetale is formed by a reaction between an aldeyde and an alcol

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Where is anomeric carbon in Aldo and ketosis?

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Where is anomeric carbon in Aldo and ketosis?

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The anomeric canon in the aldose is is in c1 position and in c2 in the ketose

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Davide Ceccarelli.                 4) WHAT IS THE FISHER PROJECTION? WHICH IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN D-MONOSACCHARIDES AND L-MONOSACCHARIDES?

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Davide Ceccarelli.                 4) WHAT IS THE FISHER PROJECTION? WHICH IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN D-MONOSACCHARIDES AND L-MONOSACCHARIDES?

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It is the open form of monosaccharides. A D-monosaccharide has the OH of the bottom most asymmetric carbon to the right. A L-monosaccharide has the OH of the bottom most asymmetric carbon to the left.

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Describe the main characteristic of glucose? What is it know as dextrose?

Glucose contain six carbon atoms and an aldeyde group, form many disaccharides like maltose ana lactose.
Is know dextrose because it rotates the polarized light to the right,

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1) Aisa Alessia                                                                                            What are carbohydrates? What are they composed by? What are they also called?

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1) Aisa Alessia                                                                                            What are carbohydrates? What are they composed by? What are they also called?

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Carbohydrates, also called saccharides, are organic compound and they are composed by carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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HOW IS GLUCOSE SYNTHESIZED?
Alessia Lorecchio

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Describe the main characteristics of galactose.

Galactose is a monosaccharide of which two isomeric forms are known, D and L. It is an epimer of glucose which is similar in structure and identical in composition.

Galactose, in the form of β-d-galactopyranose, variously combined with other sugars, is widespread in nature, both in the plant kingdom and in the animal kingdom. It is the main sugar of glycolipids (generic term that indicates lipids containing oligosaccharides) of plants and algae.

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13)DESCRIBE THE STROCTURE OF LACTOSE AND ITS LINK

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13)DESCRIBE THE STROCTURE OF LACTOSE AND ITS LINK

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Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose. Is a disaccharide wich for a β 1→4 glycosidic linkage

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15)What are polysaccharides? How are they chemically bonded? Wich are the main polysaccharides?

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15)What are polysaccharides? How are they chemically bonded? Wich are the main polysaccharides?

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Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.

Three main polysaccharides related to the human nutrition include:

Starch ─ an energy source obtained from plants
Cellulose ─ a structural polysaccharide in plants; when consumed, it acts as a dietary fiber
Glycogen ─ a storage  form of glucose in the human liver and muscles.

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18) Describe the oxidation of the glucose

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18) Describe the oxidation of the glucose

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The glucose contain many alcohol groups,so if we operate in proper conditions, this groups can be oxidized to aldehyde groups by oxidation reactions.
The aldehyde group of an acyclic sugar (when the chain is open) can be oxidized to  carboxylic acid to form a molecule called aldonic acid.

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2) WHICH ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS AND ROLE IN LIVING ORGANISMS

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2) WHICH ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS AND ROLE IN LIVING ORGANISMS

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Their have ketone or aldehyde fuction and role in living organisms are storage of energy, structural component, breakdown of fatty acids, biological recognition processes and component of coenzymes