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emotions, or the prefrontal cortex, which controls impulsive behaviour can lead to aggression. These abnormalities 

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to reward behaviour positively so the subject is more likely to repeat the action- ie complimenting a girl on a dress she is wearing- she will become more likely to wear a dress if he knows that she will be complimented.

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fundamental attribution error - the tendency to overemphasis dispositional factors for the behaviour of others while ignoring the power of the situational factors.

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compliance: an individual accepts influence because they hope to achieve a favourable reaction from another person or group.
identification: accepts influence because it maintains relationships (private opinion is unchanged)
internalisation: person publicly changing their behaviour to fit in with the group, whilst also agreeing with them privately.

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NS = toy/clothes/perfume/cars
US = approval/taste
UR = pleasure
CS = toy/clothes/perfume/cars
CR = pleasure

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our behaviour is a learnt as a result from consequences from our environment- operant conditioning.

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errors in how we process information that affects our attention, memory and decision-making

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schema - the mental framework

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this cocept suggest that aggression is passed on through generation due to the men having to show aggressive behaviour to protect their wives and kids

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conditioning
in the beginning like rats
does not like loud bangs
put the two together
take away loud bang
does not like rats. associated the rat with the loud bang.
Alberts brain has been conditioned to fear/not like rats.

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Buss et al is an example of evolutionary psychology that suggests that males and females employ different strategies when selecting a mate. Males look for fertility whereas females look for a male that can provide for any offspring they have. this also leads to different forms of jealousy between partners

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Explanation for aggression:
In terms of the social approach. Aggression can be explained through in-groups, out-groups and stereotypes. This idea can be linked to studies like Zimbardo's prison experiment as that study showed that people conform to the roles they play which explains that people may act a certain way when around they in-group in order to fit in and be popular.

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classical conditioning to explaining aggression

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classical conditioning to explaining aggression

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successful pairing of
NS = beer/nightclub
US = Shock/threat
UR = fear/adrenaline/anger
CS = beer/nightclub
CR = fer/adrenaline/anger

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Chatard showed that stereotypes can lead to errors in recall. He showed males can overestimate how they did ad females can underestimate to fit in with their social stereotypes.

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Loftus and Palmer
study of how memory can be distorted and changed as a result of misinformation.
the way in which the wording of a question effects recall of a circumstance.

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role of schema in memory
shortening- bits cut out to fit schema
rationalisation- details are distorted to fit schemas
confabulation- details made up to fill in gaps in memory

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Cognitive psychology involves the study of internal mental processes—all of the things that go on inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and learning.

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-Harris et al. (??)
-Loftus and Palmer

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fundamental attribution bias is explaining someones behaviour as a result of their personality not the situation.

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Asch: investigation on whether people would conform to social influence even when the correct answer is obvious. His research shows that people will conform by giving an incorrect answer in order to fit with everyone around them. could be explained by informative social influence or normative social influence.

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stimulus, response, reinforcement.
the stimulus is anything internal or external that brings about a response- ie food and salivation.
response-a reaction in the presence of a stimulus- ie- salivation in response to the presence of food.
reinforcement- the process by which a response is strengthened

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confirmation bias is recall of information that confirms existing beliefs.

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SKINNER
positive reinforcement-
negative reinforcement
positive punishment- giving something undesirable after voluntary behaviour decreases the likelihood of behviour being repeated.
negative punishment-removing something pleasant after voluntary behaviour to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated.

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established by JB Watson, the behaviourist approach focuses on how we 'are a product of our learning, experience, and environment'

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schema is a mental package of information gathered from prior experiences

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NS = anything that does not provoke an involuntary response, e.g. a bell
US = provokes an involuntary response, e.g. food
UR = An involuntary response, e.g. salivation
CS = signals the presence of the conditioned response
CR = the response to the conditioned stimulus.

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the behaviourist approach- behaviourism is concerned with observable behaviour. it is usually carried out in highly controlled scenarios.

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semantic, associative and repetitive priming

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the environment is full of neutral stimulus that do not provoke an involuntary response however associations can be made between involuntary responses and neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will provoke the same responses as the involuntary response.

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consumer behavior -  more french wine was bought when french music was played in the store because it activated schema
North

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bartlett -reconstructive memory
showed that memory of the story was shortened, included gaps and people changed the story so it was familiar to them meaning reconstructive memory occurs

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Cognitive priming - exposure to one stimulus that influences how you respond to a subsequent stimuli.
repetitive - the target and the prime are repeatedly presented and reponses are improved or speed up semantic - the target and the prime share a similar meaning
associative - the target and the prime have a high probability of occurring together

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Cognitive scripts - a collection of schemas linked together to produce a series of expectations relevant to the situation. these scripts guide you on how to behave in certain situations.

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Aggression can be passed down through generations in our genes. The warrior gene has been strongly associated with aggression. People with a particular form of this gene are more likely to show aggression than those with a different form. This may also explain why men are more likely to be aggressive than women because they are more likely to carry the warrior gene.
Aggressive behaviour can also be associated with brain structures. Abnormalities in the limbic system, which processes emotions, or the prefrontal cortex, which controls impulsive behaviour can lead to aggression. These abnormalities can be genetic or be due to damage from trauma.
Sex differences are directly affected by biological structures.

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harris et al - cognitive priming
showed that being primed by different adverts effects consumption of snakes.

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the cognitive approach involves perception through schema

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human leaning occurs because associations are made between neutral stimulus and involuntary response.

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Testosterone levels determine the level of aggression an individual has. Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter in which controls an individuals emotions. This means that the higher the serotonin levels are, the less aggressive an individuals behavior will be. Both testosterone and serotonin influence how aggressive someone is.

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An example of a social study is that of Zimbardo's prison simulation. This study was done to study conformity to roles in the social world and the study's results showed that the participants started acting out the stereotypes of the role they were playing unconsciously. This meant that the participants playing the prison officers started to act violent even though they are not normally violent and the participants playing the role of prisoner started to act in protest of the officers violence and they also started to act violent and crazy like most prisoners do.

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Reconstructive memory - information recall that is reconstructed from a different source and creates a version that is similar to, but not the same as the original event
rationalisation - changing a memory to fit with your existing scheme. your memory will become distorted as you use your prior knowledge
confabulation - fill in gaps from recall from past experiences so two or more memories can merge to make one new one.
shortening - memory of an event is shorter than the actual event, indicating that information has been left out.

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deadys study shows that womens testosterone levels affect their maternal instincts. he found that women with higher levels with testosterone levels werent as bothered about having children. he found these results by doing a BRSI??? and checking something else.

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hostile attribution bias - explains aggression
thinking someones behaviour is aggressive when its actually ambiguous.

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Kohlberg proposed that at ages 2-6 we pass through 3 stages.

stage 1- gender labelling. at ages 2-3 children are labelled by themselves and others as a boy or girl depending on appearances.
stage 2- gender stability. around the age of 4 children understand that boys grow into men, however they do not understand that people can change from a boy to a female if they engage in female activities.
stage 3- gender consistency- around the age of 6 children begin to understand that boys can play with girls toys and dress like girls yet still stay as a boy.

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perception, memory, thought and language that helps a person experience the world.

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Phineus Gage is an example of a biological explanation for aggression as his injury caused his personality rather than killing him due to the iron bar affecting his frontal lobe. localisation of function. He became aggressive and suffered from epileptic episodes that he didn't experience before his injury took place.

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loftus and palmer - cognitive bias
showed that bias effects recall of memory

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the cognitive approach can be used to explain both aggression and consumer behaviour