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Prague is in the center of Europe

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In 1501, Jews were welcome in Prague and began to flourish. This is also the time of the Jewish Renaissance. The fate of the Jewish community were in the hands of those who were in charge. In 1542 and 1561, they were kicked out only to be let back in while Maxillian and Rudolf II were in charge.This is when the Jews were in, what would later be known as, The Golden Age for Jews in Prague. In the early 18th century, Jews lived in Prague more than anywhere else in the world. The golden age ended when Empress Maria Theresa who forced Jews out of Prague from 1745-48.

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Students at the Jewish school in Prague pre war

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Students at the Jewish school in Prague pre war

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During the reign of Emperor Joseph II, the Jews were allowed back into Prague but forced to live in the Ghettos. Joseph II issued the Edict of Toleration in October 1781 which allowed Jews to participate in everything from education to trade. The Jews praised him so much that they named the Jewish community Josefov, after him. In the 19th Century, Jews were gradually becoming emancipated.

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The Jewish Ghetto

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“The German headquarters started to present Theresienstadt as a model ghetto and one day Eichmann came with some members of the Red Cross. It was highly organized of course. Before the visit everybody was engaged in town cleaning… Children were rehearsed on what to say when the camp commandant arrived: they would crowd around him and he would give them each a box of sardines… And that of course was used for German propaganda. After that the transports [to Auschwitz] went every single day.” - Zdenka Ehrlich, survivor

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Slovakia declared independence from Prague on March 14th, 1939. Slovakia then signs the Treaty of Protection with the Nazis. On March 15th, 1939, Germany took over Czech lands. 92,000 Jews, 20% of the population lived in Prague at the time.

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Beginning of persecution of Jewish community and violations of rights

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Beginning of persecution of Jewish community and violations of rights

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When the Holocaust first began, Jewish children were beginning to get banned from Czech schools. Most Jews escaped to places like Palestine, the United States, South America, and Western Europe. Most of the Jews who could not escape were imprisoned in the ghetto of Terezin.

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Nazi conquest of Czechoslovakia: Prague 

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Nazi conquest of Czechoslovakia: Prague 

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Nazi conquest of Czechoslovakia: Prague - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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The Museum's Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more. Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center.

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Key places/locations of transportation and mass killing

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Key places/locations of transportation and mass killing

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Most of the people imprisoned were sent to concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka and Sobibor. Those who were not sent to concentration camps were immediately sent to various death camps.

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Jews at forced labor ice in the center of Prague

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Jews at forced labor ice in the center of Prague

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Hitler shipped the Jews in Czechoslovakia to the Terezín ghetto. In the town of Terezín, the population normally was around 5,000 people before the war. At the height of the war, Terezin held over 55,000 Jews.

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by Theresienstadt prisoner Bedrich Fritta.

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Jewish woman wearing the yellow star in Prague

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Jewish woman wearing the yellow star in Prague

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Those who were part of the Ghetto were forced to wear yellow stars wherever they went so anybody would be able to recognize them as being Jewish. The Red Cross visited the Ghetto to get a sense of life their and to see to see if they were being treated extremely terribly. They could only visit Terezin once. The Jews were forced to tell the Red Cross that they were being treated well. In return, they would receive food. Everything was an illusion from the way people acted to even what the bakery was selling that day. The Red Cross concluded that they were being treated well and left it alone. The Ghetto was extremely overpacked thus causing death due to malnutrition.

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1940-44: "I was in my apartment reading "The Grapes of Wrath" when the Germans came to get me. I was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto. The Nazis used Theresienstadt as a "show camp" to convince people that Jews were really being treated well. When the Red Cross came in July 1944, the Nazis put up dummy stores, a cafe, kindergarten and flower gardens to give the impression that we were leading "normal" lives. We painted the house fronts on the inspection routes and the Nazis gave us extra food--one extra dumpling each."

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Kindertransport, Jewish children leave Prague

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Kindertransport, Jewish children leave Prague

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Kindertransport, Jewish children leave Prague - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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Prague: Ruzyn airport. Jewish children preparing to board plane for London. Children of various ages. Boy holds hands of 2 sisters. Small group of children wave to camera. Little boy with knitted hat. Pan of KLM airplane. Boy with knitted hat, held by man, waves. Parents gathered on the airfield for farewells.

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Numbers of victims and percentage of community killed

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Numbers of victims and percentage of community killed

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At least two thirds, more than a quarter million Czechoslovak Jews, died during the holocaust. 15,000 of these Jews were children. More than 60 synagogues in Czech lands were destroyed.

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Emanuel Moravec was a pre-war Czechoslovak army colonel and professor at the higher military school. During WWII, Moravec joined the Third Reich and became the propaganda minister. Moravec worked to persuade all Czechs to be loyal to Nazi Germany, and he is infamously known as a collaborator and traitor during the occupation of Czechoslovakia.