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This device is a carbon microphone, patented by Emile Berliner in 1877. It was one of the first ever created and by far the most usable. Berliner is credited with inventing the carbon-button microphone in 1876

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An instrument for convert the sound waves into electrical energy  variations which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded. Microphones are used in many applications such as handphone, walkie talkie, earphone and many others. Its also used for concert halls and public events, motion picture, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-radio way and television broadcasting, and in computers for recording voice, VolP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.

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There are two types of condenser microphones: large diaphragm condensers (LDC) and small diaphgram condensers. Besides the obvious size difference, the large variety tends to be more sensitive, and produces less self-noise. LDCs are THE recommended mic for recording voices.  They are also often used for acoustic guitars, drum overheads, pianos, and any situation where you need a lot of sensitivity in a recording.)

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A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs.

A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power.

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There are two different types of condenser mics: small and large diaphragm.

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Rode NT1-A
M-Audio Nova
Blue Microphones Yeti
Rode NTK
AKG Pro C214
Neumann TLM-102
Blue Spark
Sterling Audio ST55
AudioTechnicaAT2020USB
MXL 770