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When the Spaniards travelled onto the Aztecs land, they sent a priest to speak with the Aztec king. The priest brought a Bible and tried to preach to the king, however the king did not speak Spanish and proceeded to rip out the pages and throw the Bible. The Spaniards took offense to this when what actually happened was that the Aztec king did not understand Spanish customs.

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The Aztecs believed that by sacrificing humans they were preventing the end of the world while also worshipping their gods. Many of these sacrifices were discarded, however a few were cannibalized by the Aztecs. After seeing this occur, the Europeans thought they had to end this practice. As said in the Sepulveda Treatise, the Europeans viewed the Aztecs as "barbaric" and that they were contaminated by "wicked religious practices."

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The Spaniards had more superior weapons than the Aztecs as well as superior fighting methods. They had cannons, swords, dogs and horses while the Aztecs did not. Also, the Europeans and the Aztecs fought differently; the Europeans fought to kill while the Aztecs were more justified.

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The Spaniards had immunity to small pox and other animal bred diseases because they'd already dealt with the prior to the invasion. So when the Aztecs came in contact with these diseases they became contaminated very quickly, leading to a disadvantage. The population of the capital, Tenochtitlan, was 200,000 in 1519. Then, by late 1520 over 50% of the Aztecs had been killed by a smallpox outbreak. Since the Aztecs were so isolated, they had never had much experience with fatal diseases. So when the Spaniards spread smallpox to them, it made this outbreak so much more detrimental.

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When the Spaniards stepped foot on the Aztecs land, the Aztecs believed that the Hernán Cortés, the leader of this Spanish expedition, was their god. They worshipped him, and showered them in gifts. However, the Aztec king eventually gave Cortés gold in order to go away, but it only encouraged Cortés to stay. Since the Aztecs were so isolated they didn't know the trouble that the Spaniards bring with them, and then they were caught by suprise.

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The Spaniards were entrepreneurs, the soldiers that went to modern- day Mexico, travelled over 8000 miles to an unknown place. These soldiers were brave as they  travelled to get gold and glory for themselves and their country.

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The Spaniards thought that god was openly favouring their cause, as Pagden said "How else could the extraordinary conquest first of Mexico and then in Peru be explained." Even if people thought that by killing the Aztecs they weren't pursuing god's will, people then countered, then why did he let it happen?

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Cortés joined forces with rivals of the Aztecs in order to defeat them. Cortes had support from other civilizations such as the Totonacs and the Tlaxcaltexas. The Spaniards received around 150,000 to 200,000 troops from the Tlaxcala, who were eager to see the Aztecs. Using this tactic of making everyone go against each other, resulted in an outcome of Spanish dominance over both civilizations.

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The Spaniards wanted to spread Catholicism to the Aztecs. As stated in the royal instructions to governer of Hispaniola, "We desire that the Indians be converted to our holy Catholic faith and that their souls be saved." The Spaniards wanted the Aztecs to convert because the Spaniards believed that if the Aztecs didn't convert to Catholicism then the Aztecs would go to hell. They Spaniards believed they were doing the Aztecs a favor.