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Topic: Gender equality
Global Issue: Gender Equality

Key Issue: Feminism
Key Issue: Domestic violence
Questions:
1) How feminism solve the problem of gender inequality?
2) Why is gender equality important?
3) Why is gender equality in sports important?

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Topic: The influence of cybercrime on politics and the economy
Global issue: Cyber security

Key Issue 1: Cyber attacks
Key Issue 2: Fraud

Specific research problem: Cyber security has a large number of vulnerabilities ( Nikita, your specific problem should be connected with economy and polotics as you indicated in the topic)

Aim: What harm does the insecure Internet do to people and the economy?

Objectives:

1) How do attackers manipulate people on the internet?

2) What is the harm of the Internet for children and teenagers?

3) What are the consequences of cyber attacks?

4) Why are cyber attacks the most dangerous

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Alina

Topic: Teenagers fashion: self-expression and generational difference

Global issue: 21st century teenagers self-expression
Key issue 1: fashion trends and non-uniqueness
Key issue 2: generational difference

Specific research problem: old-viewed society is not ready to accept the fashion of modern teenagers

Aim: explore the reasons for the negative attitude of adults to the self-expression of adolescents
Objectives:
1. how does the self-expression of modern teenagers manifest itself?
2. why do teenagers need to express themselves?
3. how do adults react to self-expression of young generation?

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Topic:How poor healthcare and funding  changes in medicare are influencing our health and well-being?
Global Issue:HEALTH AND DISEASE
Key Issue 1: Recent changes in medical care system
Key Issue 2:Effect on our health and well-being
Problem:Medicare and healtcare funding state (explain)
Aim:Determine how poor healthcare funding and changes in medical care affects people's health state
Research Questions:
1.What are the recent changes in medical care system?

2.Are people more likely in modern time to suffer from health related issues? (What do you mean here?)

3.What problems are stemmed from poor healthcare system?

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Topic: Art in international context
Global Issue: Contemporary art
Key issue 1: The influence of contemporary art on the culture
Key issue 2: Non-acceptance of contemporary art
Specific research problem: Non-acceptance and misunderstanding of contemporary art by the wide audience
Aim: How lack of oversight and biased attitude toward the contemporary art is affect on global and national culture?
Objectives:
1. How art is changed throughout the history of mankind?
2. What is contemporary art and how it affect on global and national culture?
3. Why there is a distance between art and the wide audience?
4. How contemporary art can be promoted and explained to the regular people?

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Topic:Sexuality education in adolescents
Global Issue: problems of modern youth
Key Issue: lack of sexual education
Key Issue: early pregnancy and STDs
problem: Lack of 🤬 education in adolescents, leads to bad consequences, but it is not talked about even in the age of technology
Aim: What does it mean when adults are afraid to talk to teenagers about sexual intercourse? to explore the factors why adults are afraid of taking with teenagers about sexual eduacation.
Objectives:

1.     Why is this topic "taboo"?

2.     Why hasn't anything advanced in 🤬 education after 100 years?

3.     Why should parents take control of this issue?

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Introduction
Topic: The role of Tolerance in our society
Global Issue: Tolerance
Key Issue 1: Paradox of tolerance
Key Issue 2: The influence of tolerance on social society
Problem:
Research Questions:
1. What is tolerance?
2. How is tolerance understood by different groups of people? (My suggestions, maybe something like this)
3.

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Tomiris                                       Topic : Factors affecting on choice of future profession of NIS students                                                                                                    Key issue 1: Factors that have impact on choice of future profession                                           Key issue 2: Parental pressure               Aim : to identify what factors influence on choice of profession                                Research questions:                Does the parental attitude influence on a choice of profession?                                Does the personality type affect choice of profession?                Does the gender has effect on choice of profession?                       

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Tomiris                                       Topic : Factors affecting on choice of future profession of NIS students                                                                                                    Key issue 1: Factors that have impact on choice of future profession                                           Key issue 2: Parental pressure               Aim : to identify what factors influence on choice of profession                                Research questions:                Does the parental attitude influence on a choice of profession?                                Does the personality type affect choice of profession?                Does the gender has effect on choice of profession?                       

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Topic:
Global issue: Changing communities
Key issue 1: Online communities
Key issue 2: Loneliness
Problem: The appearance of Internet communities leads to spreading people’s physical social isolation
Aim: Why online interaction cannot replace face-to-face interaction between people?
Research questions:
1.      Why communication is so important?

2.      How changed interaction between people with the advent of the online communities?

3.      Is online communication safe?

4.      What are the causes and effects of cyberbullying?

5.      What are communication and people’s mental condition in a situation of isolation due to COVID-19?

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Topic: Evaluating the awareness level of  the Kazakhstan government and citizens about significance of sustainable living

Global Issue:  Sustainable development
Key Issue 1: Unique Understandable Sustainable strategies
Key Issue 2: Level of concern

Problem:  Awareness of the Kazakhstan government and its citizens about significance of sustainable living

Aim: How are the Government of Kazakhstan Republic and its citizens concerned about sustainable living?

Research Questions:
1. Are Kazakhstan citizens well aware about ecology and sustainable lifestyle?
2. What are the main ecological problems of Kazakhstan that are causing the major threat to its citizens?
3.What are the strategies / projects of sustainable living realised / will be realised in Kazakhstan Republic?

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Write down your Name
Topic:
Global Issue:
Key Issue 1:
Key Issue 2:
Problem:
Aim:
Research Questions:
1.
2.
3.
Don't forget to write your names!

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Consider the automobile, the Silk Road and any other background knowledge you may have about transportation systems. Write 50-100 words explaining how transport systems have evolved throughout history. Write for 10min then post your paragraph to share it with the class

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There are numerous examples of evolution of technologies and their impact on the humanity. Starting from the emergence of civilization, technologies whatever they were have made a long way to the king they are now. Obviously, inventions have changed the history.

It is worth noticing that, the invention of Penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming has changed the fates of numerous soldiers, risking their lives in World War II. However, in this age the first chemical weapon was created, taking away thousands of lives during armed conflicts.

Another technology that should be mentioned is The Great Silk Way. The road that had 7000 km in length, were the main source of trade, sharing cultures and languages, and spreading deseases through the ages.

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The wheel was invented 5000 etars ago, and transportation systems change a lot since this time. At the beginning of 18th century, mechanization and standartization of industrial process lead to the evolution in road transport and increase the production of cars and motor vehicles , therefore, mass personal automobility had become a reality. And nowadays, the automation of transport systems in 21th century improves their reliability and reduce the costs.

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The history of transport evolved with the development of human culture . Even in ancient times, new tools such as skis, and snowshoes lengthened the distances that could be traveled.

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A human always evolving in different sphere of life and transportation system is  not an exception. First and brightest example of transport system development was the Silk way that created by China in 2 BC. This road passed through Central Asia  to Mediterranean Sea, it is logical that the mail good was a silk.Silk way had many disadvantages in transport of goods, such as robbery or food spoilage. Nowaday, we have not such problems with transportation since world has extensive logistic system. A human created incredible cars and plaines that move on a long distance in short time

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everything changes over the time and the transport system is not an exception. people always create new inventions to make our life easier. a great example for that is automobiles or any other transport. in ancient times there was the silk road that connected china with south europe and north africa but it took really long time to deliver something, for example, from africa to china. nowadays we have fast planes, trains and cars and we can move to long distances in shorter amount of time. and personally i think its great that new technologies open new opportunities for us.

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Alina
Reflection

Over the years, the transport system has changed a lot. The first massive road that connected a huge number of different countries into a one organized trading system was the Silk Road. It initially started with Chinas' silk, which immediately became popular all around the world, but as the years flew by, a lot of other things entered this product transporting system. As people wanted to move with goods faster, they invented cars with a better quality. From that moment, America was the leader in automobile construction for a very long time, but due to the low economy level in postwar era the performance got worse. That is why, some years later, when all of the engineering sphere began to change in a better direction, Japan rapidly took the first place with its fuel-efficient, well-built small cars. This sphere is still developing now and people surprise humanity with new ideas every year. Nobody knows what transport may become in the next generation.

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Write 5-10 research questions that can help you to learn more about your interests in the future jobs market.

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Dana 20.04
1) Will this profession be relevant in the future?
2) Will the average person be able to gain enough knowledge and opportunities to work there?
3) Do you need experience or other skills to get this job right after graduation?
4) What personal and professional qualities should an employee have?
5)

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1.What professions will and wont be relevant in a few years?
2.What are the basic skills for job?
3.Does education play an important role?
4.Which professions can be replaced by robots?
5.Will globalization have an impact on career development?

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...
Is this job well paid?

Does my home country provide education for this career?

Is this career in demand ?

Does this career require participating with people?

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1. What industries now are rapidly developing and what kind of professionals work in this industries?
2. How globalization change the actual job market?
3. What is more important factor in choosing any career among the teenagers?
4. What kind of jobs are more in demand?
5. Is it important to provide teenagers with high quality education?

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Alina 20.04

1. What professions are in most demand now and why?
2. What faculties do students mainly enter now and what is the reason for their choice?
3. What areas of work are most well developed in different countries?
4. What professions are currently on the verge of extinction and why?
5. What new professions may appear in the future, taking into account the technological progress?

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1. What professions are on a verge of extinction?
2. What current professions have great prospects for development in the future?
3. What will medicine be like in the future?
4. How will Kazakhstan's oil industry function in the future? What perspectives does it have?
5. What is the situation with the state programs for retraining people's professions?
6. idk

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dilnaz
1. is this profession will be needed in near future?
2. was this career among the most popular professions in last 5 years?
3. is workers get paid enough at this job?
4. does it require any special abilities such as knowledge of technologies?
5. how hard it is to get proper education in this sphere?
6. what are the opportunities for career growth at this job?
7. is the education really nessesary to do this work?
8. would i really enjoy doing it?

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1. What jobs will be most valuable?
2. In which country

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27/04.2021                     Read the article and answer the questions below: 

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27/04.2021                     Read the article and answer the questions below: 

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1. Define the term “nation state”
2. What are the origins of the nation state?
3. What is the relationship between war and the nation state?
4. Explain the challenges to the nation state.

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Table of Contents

nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polity-i.e., a state-that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self-determination. Members of the core national group see the state as belonging to them and consider the approximate territory of the state to be their homeland. Accordingly, they demand that other groups, both within and outside the state, recognize and respect their control over the state. As the American sociologist Rogers Brubaker put it in Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (1996), nation-states are "states of and for particular nations."

As a political model, the nation-state fuses two principles: the principle of state sovereignty, first articulated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which recognizes the right of states to govern their territories without external interference; and the principle of national sovereignty, which recognizes the right of national communities to govern themselves. National sovereignty in turn is based on the moral-philosophical principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples. The latter principle implies that legitimate rule of a state requires some sort of consent by the people. That requirement does not mean, however, that all nation-states are democratic. Indeed, many authoritarian rulers have presented themselves-both to the outside world of states and internally to the people under their rule-as ruling in the name of a sovereign nation.

Nation-state building

Although France after the French Revolution (1787-99) is often cited as the first nation-state, some scholars consider the establishment of the English Commonwealth in 1649 as the earliest instance of nation-state creation. Since the late 18th century the nation-state has gradually become the dominant vehicle of rule over geographic territories, replacing polities that were governed through other principles of legitimacy. The latter included dynastic monarchies (e.g., the Habsburg and Ethiopian empires), theocratic states (e.g., the Dalai Lama's rule over Tibet and the rule of the prince-bishops of Montenegro), colonial empires (justified by colonizing powers as a means of spreading a "true" religion or of bringing progress to "backward" peoples), and communist revolutionary governments that purported to act in the name of a transnational working class ( see proletariat; social class: Characteristics of the principal classes).

Although some nation-states have been formed by polity-seeking national movements, others have formed when existing polities were nationalized-i.e., transformed into nation-states-either because theocrats or monarchs ceded authority to parliaments (as in Britain and France) or because empires retreated or broke apart (as did the British and French colonial empires in the mid-20th century and the Soviet empire in eastern Europe beginning in the late 1980s).

As a political ideal, nationalism aspires to a congruence between state borders and the boundaries of the national community, so that the national group is contained in the territory of its state and the state contains only that nation. However, in reality, the borders of states and the boundaries of nations usually only partly overlap: not all residents of the state belong to the core national group (sometimes not even all citizens are part of the nation), and some members of the nation reside in other states. The lack of congruence between state and nation has given rise to several phenomena: wars that break out at approximately the time of nation-state formation; citizenship regimes ( see below Citizenship in nation-states) that embrace co-national immigrants-i.e., immigrants belonging to the same nation-but exclude other immigrants; efforts by nation-states to nationalize additional territories and populations; and state policies that manage ethnic, religious, and national diversity within their borders.

Nation-state formation and war

The processes of nation-state formation increase the likelihood of wars. As the social scientists Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min showed in a 2006 study ("From Empire to Nation-State: Explaining Wars in the Modern World, 1816-2001"), three types of wars are more prevalent at approximately the time of the foundation of nation-states: (1) wars of independence aiming to end foreign rule (e.g., the Algerian War of Independence in 1954-62 and the Kosovo conflict in 1998-99); (2) civil wars within new nation-states arising from struggles over the states' ethno-nationalist character, sometimes resulting in secessionist efforts by ethnic minorities (e.g., the 1963-67 uprising of the Somalian minority in Kenya, which demanded union of their area of residence with neighbouring Somalia); and (3) interstate wars declared by governments seeking to help oppressed co-nationals in new neighbouring nation-states (e.g., the Greco-Turkish war of 1921-22) and by new nation-states seeking to extend their rule to neighbouring territories inhabited by co-nationals (e.g., the German conquest of Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-German War of 1871).

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Citizenship in nation-states

Nation-states strictly enforce institutionalized criteria for naturalization, known as citizenship regimes. Citizenship regimes reflect specific understandings of who may be a legitimate member of the nation. Nation-states in which the core nation is conceived as a primordial ethno-cultural community tend to adopt citizen regimes based on a principle of jus sanguinis ("right of blood"), which allocates citizenship based on the individual's organic ties (through family decent) to the national community and the homeland. In contrast, citizenship allocation based on a principle of jus soli ("right of the soil") presupposes a civic-republican conception of the core nation, according to which national membership depends on acquiring, through socialization, loyalty to state institutions and acceptance of a shared political culture.

Nationalization

The ideal of a state of and for a nation is reinforced not only through citizenship regimes but also through mechanisms that foster national integration and develop and sustain emotional commitment to the homeland. For example, curricula in schools are designed to teach children an official narrative regarding the nation's history and legacy, the history of the state, and the shared national culture; official national calendars define specific days as national holidays, which are celebrated with core rituals of commemoration; nationalization of physical space is promoted by naming localities, streets, infrastructure (e.g., roads and bridges), and parts of nature (e.g., rivers and mountains) after national heroes and glorious or tragic events in the history of the nation; national collective memory is also nurtured in memorial sites and monuments (e.g., those commemorating fallen soldiers); the nation is represented in official state symbols (e.g., flags and the uniforms of security forces); and, in many nation-states, the language of the core national group is made the official language of the country.

Diversity management

Despite their efforts to foster a national core, a fundamental challenge to nation-states is how to manage ethnic, religious, or national diversity within their borders. So-called "diversity management" has been accomplished by applying one or more of three competing principles regarding groups that are not initially part of the core national group: assimilation, exclusion, and accommodation. In many cases, different policies have been applied to different minority groups, thus leading to different levels of social integration and cultural assimilation or alienation.

Many polyethnic states have applied " melting pot" policies, aiming to assimilate ethnic minorities into the hegemonic national culture, which often represents the culture of a dominant group (typically the founding group). In contrast, exclusionary policies have targeted ethnic or religious groups seen as alien to the nation and unassimilable. Historically, extreme forms of exclusion have included ethnic cleansing (deporting members of ethnic or religious minorities or forcing them to flee the country) or genocide (annihilating an ethnic or religious group through mass killing). Historical examples of acts of ethnic cleansing included the forced resettlement of Slavs in central and eastern European countries occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II; the expulsion of Italians and Jews from Libya in 1970 following a military coup led by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; and the mass killing and forced migration of Bengalis from East Pakistan during the Bangladesh war of independence in 1971. Genocides have been committed, for example, by the Ottoman Empire against Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians during World War I; by Nazi Germany against the Jews and by the fascist Ustaša government of Croatia against the Serbs during World War II; and by the Hutu government of Rwanda against the Tutsi people in 1994.

The most prevalent types of exclusion do not involve the physical expulsion of minorities but rather their social, cultural, and political subordination to the dominant group. Minority groups are often excluded from core state institutions (particularly government), suffer from economic deprivation, and are underrepresented in the national media and the public sphere. In nondemocratic countries, the exclusion of minorities may take the form of direct suppression. In so-called "ethnic democracies" (democratic countries that are dominated by core ethno-national groups), individual rights are granted equally to all citizens, but institutional mechanisms maintain ethno-national boundaries, exclude minorities from the symbols and power-centres of the state, and systematically prioritize the interests of the dominant ethno-national group over the interests of minorities. In Israel, for example, Arabs and Palestinians constitute a large minority of citizens (about 20 percent), yet Arab-Palestinian political parties have never been part of the government, official state symbols contain only the symbols of the Jewish majority group, and the Palestinian narrative of the Jewish-Palestinian conflict is excluded from the curriculum at schools, which exclusively teach the Zionist narrative.

Multiculturalism is an ideological framework that provides an alternative to both assimilationist and exclusionary policies, because it aspires to embrace, rather than to eliminate or suppress, diversity and minorities. In a few countries (e.g., Switzerland and Belgium), a special type of regime called consociational democracy guarantees all ethnic groups cultural autonomy and an equal share of political power, and disagreements over policies are solved through deliberation and consensus rather than through domination. However, the most common approach in liberal democratic nation-states dealing with ethnic or religious diversity is not based on consociationalism but rather on institutional mechanisms that make ethnicity and religion a private matter that is protected by individual civil rights and whose expression or practice takes place primarily within homes and small communities, while an overarching national identity and culture are nurtured by state institutions and are highlighted in the public sphere.

Challenges to nation-states

The nation-state is one of the hallmarks of the modern era. Since the 1990s there has been a vibrant academic debate regarding whether in the era since then-which is often titled "global," "postindustrial," "late modern," or " postmodern"-nation-states have lost some of their power and authority. Many scholars have argued that contemporary nation-states face unprecedented challenges to their capacity to implement policies and to maintain social cohesion within their borders.

Most current challenges to nation-states are not new, and some of them are as old as the nation-state itself. However, for several decades, accelerating processes of globalization have challenged nation-states' capacity to contain, control, and harness flows of people, economic capital, and cultural materials and to confine politics to public spheres and institutions and to relationships with other nation-states. States in different parts of the world vary in their degree of exposure to the pressures induced by globalization, as well as in their ability to resist or adapt to such pressures. Among the pressures imposed in varying degrees on all nation-states are the following.

The influx of migrant workers and refugees to nation-states in the global North and West has tended to increase cultural and ideological fragmentation and tension, especially in cases where the immigrants' religion and culture are very different from those of the host society, where immigrants are concentrated in urban ethnic enclaves, and where immigrants do not assimilate. Under such conditions, tensions between the majority and minority groups emerge and intergroup violence becomes more prevalent. Among majority groups, the presence of nonassimilating minorities amplifies internal struggles over the meaning of the national collective identity, the nation's core ideology, and the definition of national interests. In the early 21st century these phenomena were especially evident in conflicts between the ultranationalist right and the liberal left in Europe and the United States.

Global capitalism and neoliberalism

The globalization of production, consumption, and finance in the late 20th century and the concurrent growth of rich and powerful multinational corporations has reduced the capacity of states to impose national protectionist policies and limited their ability to restrict the movement of people across their borders. The global spread of neoliberalism (an ideology and policy model advocating free markets and minimal state intervention in economic and social affairs) and the development of international institutions that reinforce this ideology (e.g., the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund) have undermined the capacity of countries to engage in long-term macroeconomic planning and regulation and to maintain collectivist social welfare regimes. Growing inequality among citizens, increased economic uncertainty, and reduced welfare security are additional crucial aspects of the neoliberal turn that have led to greater political unrest.

Minorities' challenge to nation-based citizenship

In some nation-states, ethnic minorities have challenged the traditional model of nation-based citizenship because they claim rights based on principles alternative to citizenship: that is, they rely on international conventions that recognize individual human rights or the collective rights of minorities and indigenous peoples (some scholars call this phenomenon "postnational citizenship").

National disintegration

Increasing economic inequality between regions within nation-states and the rise of identity politics since the late 20th century have increased the likelihood of national disintegration in some countries through the development of secessionist aspirations among some ethnic groups, a phenomenon sometimes called Balkanization. Evidence of Balkanization can be observed both in relatively young nation-states in the postcolonial developing world and in established Western nation-states with long traditions of republicanism (e.g., the United Kingdom and Spain). This type of struggle may spill over to other nation-states through the spread of information and images via international media channels and the new social media.

The free flow of ideas and information through the Internet, particularly social media, and the increasingly global distribution of consumer goods have eroded the role of nation-states as producers and disseminators of national ideas, norms, and tastes, collectively sometimes called "national culture." In most countries many citizens are frequently exposed to cultural materials that contrast with the core ideals of nationalism in its heyday: collectivism and sacrifice are challenged by individualism, careerism, and hedonism; heroes and iconic figures emerge not only from national history books but also from the globalized entertainment industry; nation-centred concerns for national security and other priorities now need to compete, on the one hand, with transnational environmental concerns for the future of the planet and the survival of the entire human race ( see global warming) and, on the other hand, with secessionist pressures brought about by identity politics.

New social movements and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that highlight issues such as the rights of indigenous peoples, the rights of sexual (LGBTQ) minorities ( see gay pride), animal rights, and environmentalism present two complementary challenges to nation-states. First, they demand that political conversations within the nation-state be expanded beyond the core issues of national politics (i.e., national security and resource distribution or the allocation of public goods) to include issues related to the identities and ways of life of nonnational communities-such as preserving the cultural traditions and languages of ethnic or racial groups and protecting the rights of sexual minorities-as well as issues related to cosmopolitan ideals ( see also cosmopolitanism)-such as expanding human rights, developing new modes of cooperation that cut across traditional divisions, and protecting the environment. Second, such movements and organizations tend to form transnational coalitions and to use advanced media technologies to expand their struggles to the public spheres of other states and to the diffused virtual space in which a global civil society has emerged. This mode of operation challenges the traditional confinement of political struggles to the public sphere of individual sovereign states.

Global risks

Environmental problems that threaten the survival of humankind, along with the international attention these problems have attracted, contrast with the traditional tendency of nation-states to prioritize their particularistic national interests. Transitional social movements (networks of activists from different countries that are committed to act for a common cause) and NGOs that focus on global issues (currently, especially global warming) have challenged nation-states in two complementary ways: they question the authority of individual nation-states and coalitions of nation-states to make their own policies regarding environmental problems, and, more generally, they question national authority itself by discrediting the assumption that national interests should be the dominant principle of policy making in any given country.

Religious extremism

The contemporary reinvigoration of religious extremism (which some scholars believe to be a counterreaction to globalization) poses two types of challenges to nation-states. First, within nation-states, religious extremists threaten interfaith coexistence, and they challenge the institutions that help to maintain ethnic, religious, and gender diversity through integration, inclusion, and power sharing. Second, as a force external to nation-states, religious extremism (e.g., the variant of Islamic fundamentalism represented by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant [ISIL]) seeks to replace nation-states with theocracies.

Currently, no other supranational initiative seems to threaten the supremacy of the nation-state-not even the European Union, which operates mainly as a strategic alliance and has not developed a collective identity that could displace the national identities of member states. Accordingly, many experts believe that, despite notable challenges, the nation-state will remain, for the foreseeable future, the primary model of political-territorial organization and the locus of political power and authority in the world.

Yuval Feinstein

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nation-state | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts

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nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polity-i.e., a state-that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self-determination.

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1) National State is a territorially bounded sovereign polity that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation.
2) Members of the core national group see the state as belonging to them and consider the approximate territory of the state to be their homeland.
3) The processes of nation-state formation increase the likelihood of wars
4)“diversity management”

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1) stare—that is ruled in the name of a community  of citizens who identify themselves as a nation.
2) First articulated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which recognizes the right of states to govern their territories without external interference; and the principle of national sovereignty
3)

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1) Nation state is territorially bounded sovereign polity
2) rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it
3) with the increase of nation state formation the probability of wars rises.
4) to keep
equality netween nationalities
globalization
religions

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1. a state that is ruled by a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation
2. First nation states - 1649: English Commonwealth, 1787-1799: France after the french revolution. although some nation-states have been formed by polity-seeking national movements, others have formed when existing polities were nationalized
3. nation-state formation increased the likelihood of wars
4. loss of authority. hard to capacity to contain, control, and harness flows of people, because of the globlization.

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Alina 27.04

1. Nation state is a territorially bounded sovereign polity that is ruled in the name of a communit  citizens who identify themselves as a nation
3. The processes of nation-state formation increase the likelihood of wars

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1. Nation state is a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation.
2.  France after the French Revolution (1787–99) is often cited as the first nation-state, some scholars consider the establishment of the English Commonwealth in 1649 as the earliest instance of nation-state creation.
3.  The formation of a nation state increased the likelihood of wars
4. Since the 1990s there has been a vibrant academic debate regarding whether in the era since then—which is often titled “global,” “postindustrial,” “late modern,” or “postmodern”—nation-states have lost some of their power and authority.

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1 Nation state is territorially bounded sovereign polity i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation
2 Although France after the French Revolution (1787–99) is often cited as the first nation-state. Since the late 18th century the nation-state has gradually become the dominant vehicle of rule over geographic territories, replacing polities that were governed through other principles of legitimacy
3. The processes of nation-state formation increase the likelihood of wars. Three types of wars are more prevalent at approximately the time of the foundation of nation-states: (1) wars of independence aiming to end foreign rule  (2) civil wars within new nation-states  (3) interstate wars declared by governments seeking to help oppressed co-nationals in new neighbouring nation-states
4. Nation-states have lost some of their power and authority. Many scholars have argued that contemporary nation-states face unprecedented challenges to their capacity to implement policies and to maintain social cohesion within their borders.