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What is Water Supply ?A source, means, or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelinesImportance of Water Supply ?Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water.Water SuppliesWater comes from one of or a combination of three types of water supplies: surface water, ground water and water purchased from other water utilitiesWhat is a watershed?A watershed is the area of land where any precipitation that lands within its boundaries drains or seeps into the wetlands, streams, rivers, lakes, or groundwater that eventually ends up in your well or surface water supply.Surface Water: As the term implies, surface water is found at the surface of the earth and consists of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.Ground Water: Ground water is the source of water supply water systems. This water comes from precipitation that has seeped into the ground and becomes part of the water flowing underground through the space between soil particles or fractures in local bedrock structures. This source of water is tapped into wells that are inserted into the soils or rock fractures containing this water. Pumps within the well pump water up to the surface where it can be treated (if necessary) and distributed to our customers.Purchased Water: In some cases water is purchased from other water utilities through an interconnection between the two water systems.Pressure Requirements in Water Distribution Systems.In designing water distribution systems, pressure requirements for ordinary use and fire fighting must be considered.In residential districts, tire pressures of 60 psi at the hydrant are recommended.In commercial districts, a minimum pressure of 75 psi is tolerable,

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What is Water Supply ?A source, means, or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelinesImportance of Water Supply ?Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water.Water SuppliesWater comes from one of or a combination of three types of water supplies: surface water, ground water and water purchased from other water utilitiesWhat is a watershed?A watershed is the area of land where any precipitation that lands within its boundaries drains or seeps into the wetlands, streams, rivers, lakes, or groundwater that eventually ends up in your well or surface water supply.Surface Water: As the term implies, surface water is found at the surface of the earth and consists of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.Ground Water: Ground water is the source of water supply water systems. This water comes from precipitation that has seeped into the ground and becomes part of the water flowing underground through the space between soil particles or fractures in local bedrock structures. This source of water is tapped into wells that are inserted into the soils or rock fractures containing this water. Pumps within the well pump water up to the surface where it can be treated (if necessary) and distributed to our customers.Purchased Water: In some cases water is purchased from other water utilities through an interconnection between the two water systems.Pressure Requirements in Water Distribution Systems.In designing water distribution systems, pressure requirements for ordinary use and fire fighting must be considered.In residential districts, tire pressures of 60 psi at the hydrant are recommended.In commercial districts, a minimum pressure of 75 psi is tolerable,

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Water supply regularity as it relates to hygiene and sanitation

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Water supply regularity as it relates to hygiene and sanitation

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As seen in the previous slide, water supply is a source, means or process of supplying water, usually including reservoirs, tunnels and pipelines.
This distribution process can affect many things. Two of which are
Hygiene
Sanitation
One of the main health benefits of water supply, sanitation and hygiene is a reduction in diarrheal disease. Other diseases can be contacted, however, diarrheal diseases are the most common.
Sanitation is key in anything that has to do with the consumption or just regular use on a hold. Water supply regularity is no different, improved water supply reduces diarrhoea morbidity by 21% and improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea morbidity by 35.5%. without proper sanitation of water diseases such as Trachoma and malaria have a higher chance/risk of being spread. Hygiene plays a significant role as pathogens are dangerous germs and according to WHO 80% of transmitted illnesses are transmitted by hand. Water plants must be cleaned regularly to prevent spreading of bacteria and eventually diseases.
The four steps in aiding with water hygiene for water plants are:

Coagulation and Flocculation Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge of these chemicals neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc.

Sedimentation During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its weight. This settling process is called sedimentation.

Filtration Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.

Disinfection After the water has been filtered, a disinfectant (for example, chlorine, chloramine) may be added in order to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and to protect the water from germs when it is piped to homes and businesses.

Drinking water during or after meals aid with digestion. Water dilutes digestive juices and help break down food so that our bodies can absorb the nutrients. Water also helps to soften stool which helps to prevent constipation. As a result of all these things, proper hygiene and sanitation must be implemented to ensure clean and healthy water is being used and consumed.

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Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of any human need or purpose. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, and drinking water.

Water Quality & Food Safety in an establishment

When we think of food safety, the first things that come to mind are hygiene, time, temperature and cross contamination. Water isn’t usually considered as an important factor. However, there is no company in the food industry that does not rely on potable water for its basic operations and production.

Even though the water quality from a community source or drawn from a well is of satisfactory bacterial and chemical quality, if the plumbing or other water storage and transport facilities in the food manufacturing plant or restaurant are below the required standard, water safety and quality can be seriously affected. This can result in a variety of misadventures including waterborne disease organisms being introduced into the potable water supply which will lead to contamination altering the chemical quality of the water for production or culinary purposes including taste and odor.

Ways to ensure water safety

1.   Boiling

If you don’t have safe bottled water, you should boil your water to make it safe to drink. Boiling is the surest method to kill disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

You can improve the flat taste of boiled water by adding a pinch of salt for each quart or liter of boiled water.

2.   Disinfectants

A chemical disinfectant such as unscented household chlorine bleach can be used to purify water. Disinfectants can kill most harmful or disease-causing viruses and bacteria, but are not as effective in controlling more resistant organisms, such as the parasite Cryptosporidium. Chlorine dioxide tablets can be effective against Cryptosporidium. If the water is contaminated with a chemical, adding a disinfectant will not make it drinkable or suitable for cooking.

3.   Filtering

Many portable water filters can remove disease-causing parasites from drinking water. If you are choosing a portable water filter, try to pick one that has a filter pore size small enough to remove parasites. Most portable water filters do not remove bacteria or viruses. After filtering, add a disinfectant such as iodine, chlorine, or chlorine dioxide to the filtered water to kill any viruses and remaining bacteria.