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Constitutional Compromises: Crash Course Government and Politics #5

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Great Compromise:
Combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans with additional improvements. The compromise included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which gave the South increased representation in the government. Furthermore, Congress was given the ability to tax imports, which benefited the North, however, tariffs on exports were not allowed, so as to balance out the economic interests of the South. Slave Compromise did not allow the ban of slave importation until atleast 1808, and the import tax was not to exceed $10 per slave. Lastly, only a Congressional majority was required to pass trade laws, which greatly benefited the North, as they depended on merchant and artisan trade.

Political Parties:
- Federalists

Pro-tariff

National Economy

National import/export taxes and regulations to help balance trade and currency

Wanted stable and efficient gov/t that would accommodate their large scale, international, and national wants and needs

- Anti-Federalists

Opposed to Constitution because they believed too much power was given to aristocrats and the central government

Greed + corruption

Concerned with loss of state government

Local republicanism

Also feared loss of civil rights

Last time under central government, they were oppressed

Favored:

State gov’ts

Traditionally small farmers or common workers

Want small, local gov’t + economy

Subsistence economy (local)

Not interested in tariffs

Concerned with civil rights + rich controlling gov’t

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-  Northern Concerns:
In contrast, in the North, a merchant economy based upon production and trade of services led to their petitioning for tariffs to protect American businesses and products. Northerners were focused on economic stability, and promoted a national economy and currency, a sharp divergence from Southern ideals. Additionally, Northerners, while they did not believe in black equality, believed in black freedom, and pushed for nation-wide abolition of slavery.

Land Ordinances:
The North and South consistently fought over the issue of allowing states on the frontier to be represented in Congress, as any change in the balance of power between the two sections could produce unfair representation in government. Sectional race for free/slave states begins between the North and South.

Sectional Concerns clashed at the Constitutional Convention

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In George Washington's farewell address, he addressed his concerns with the country moving forward. This quotation outlined his qualms with the sectionalism present. He highlighted how the "sections" tended to misrepresent their opinions. The independence of the regions caused Washington to document the sectional conflict as a "matter of serious concern". The main root of the conflict as pinpointed by Washington, was the exaggeration of local differences. In this way, the regions would build up anger and division within the country. Additionally, it ties into the misrepresentation of the opinions. Overall, Washington proposed the sectionalism as a major source of potential division in the country to come.

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This cartoon depicts the tension between the North and South due to sectionalism. The right side of the cartoon represents the north, while the left is the south. As shown in the bottom right with the ships heading towards the New York port, the North had an economy based on trade. On the left side, about midway up, three people are shown cooking for themselves. This points towards the subsistence economy of the south. Finally, in the top right and top left, the people are shown playing tug of war, over the inclusion of their wants into the constitution. Overall, the tension and different interests of the north and south are clear.

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George Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

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George Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

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"In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection."

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                                                        Political Cartoon

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                                                        Political Cartoon

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“The Looking Glass for 1787: A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand,” etching of the adoption of the Constitution (1787). Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.

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Constitutional Convention:
- Main Focus Points:
Maintain independent state systems + protect individual rights, while also having a strong federal government to unite the country.

Firstly, the Constitution had to ensure that no group, the majority nor the minority, could completely control the government. This led to the development of the system of checks and balances, where no branch of government can rule supremely, and have more powers than seems reasonable. In terms of the issues regarding federal representation, especially with the possible addition of western, frontier states, two plans were offered up, and thus combined to please both sectional interests. The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison, presented the idea of a bicameral legislature with representation based upon population, which benefited the interests of the South. Then, the New Jersey Plan, presented by William Patterson, improved upon this idea by adding another house to the legislature, with equal representation for all states, which benefited the North.

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Articles of Confederation
After the end of the American Revolution, the problems with the Articles of Confederation were addressed, however debates over whether or not to change the state of the American government arose concerning Northern and Southern interests.
-  Southern Concerns:
Southern farmers feared a strong central government with power also concentrated in an executive office. American experiences under the British monarchy had produced doubts in another centralized government, as tyranny and corruption were considered "inevitable." Furthermore, many small farmers preferred their local, state governments, in which they had a legitimate voice, which they believed would be suppressed by the interests of the aristocracy in a federal government. Petitioned for the protection of white property and liberty over black liberty, as slavery was crucial to their overall security in the South, and served as the primary source of labor for their plantation economy. Lastly, due to the South having an export economy, wealthy Southern planters were against export tariffs, meanwhile the common Southerner had no real say in the matter.

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Sectionalism - The division of regions based on the people and their viewpoints

The North
The North had an economy based on merchants and artisans. Therefore, they were interested in the production of trade of goods and services. In addition, they were interested in a national currency. Based on their trade economy, they wanted tariffs to protect their goods against the flood of new products from Europe. They agreed with the constitution, and wanted to abolish slavery under the premise that all men were created equal. Wheat and Cattle had replaced tobacco in the North, so slavery begins to die in the North naturally, anyway.  The north had a middle class that was well educated and well read.
The South
The South had an subsistence economy. They relied on slavery for the production of their goods. The South did anything to justify slavery. They called it a humanitarian institution. They were against tariffs because of their export economy. They do not want other countries to reciprocate tariffs. There is no middle class in the South. The are the Plantation elite and the common farmer.