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Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested after a burglary was occurred at the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, FL. Gideon asked Florida Circuit court to appoint him, after he couldn't afford a lawyer. Gideon started to study law, for his belief that the rights were violated, until the Florida Circuit Court refused his request for counsel. So then he hand writes a petition asking the U.S supreme to hear his case and they agreed. In favor for Gideon, the court stated that the Sixth Amendment requires state courts to provide attorneys for criminal defendants who cannot afford a counsel.

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Ernesto Miranda was arrested after a crime victim identified him.  The police officers who arrested him failed to inform him of his fifth amendment, right against self-incrimination, and his sixth amendment, the right to the assistance of an attorney. Although he did confess to the crime, his attorney eventually argued that his confession should have been eliminated from trial. The supreme court agreed with Miranda's attorney, deciding that the officers had not taken correct steps to inform Miranda his rights. That case came down to one fundamental question: What is the role of the police in protecting the rights of the accused.

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Louisiana passed a statute in 1890 called the Separate Car Act saying that all railroad companies must provide separate but equal accommodations for white and non-white passengers. Plessy, a one-eighth black male, purchased a first class ticket for the railroad car. Plessy was then arrested for violating the Separate Car Act. He then argued in court that the Act violated the thirteen and fourteen amendment to the constitution. After he lost twice in the smaller courts, Plessy took his argument to the U.S supreme court. It upheld the previous decisions that racial segregation is constitutional under the separate but equal doctrine.