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Students. (n.d.). Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://academics.pnw.edu/biology/student-resources/

Botanist. (n.d.). Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://www.eco.ca/career-profiles/botanist/

Bauva, P. B. (2012, November 14). Why do diamonds shine? Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/43361/why-do-diamonds-shine

The Ocean Portal Team. (2018, December 20). Gulf Oil Spill. Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://ocean.si.edu/conservation/pollution/gulf-oil-spill

Eco Canada. (n.d.). Environmental Chemist. Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://www.eco.ca/career-profiles/environmental-chemist/

Magnifying Glass Plants [Digital image]. (2015, December). Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://www.urbannaturale.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/magnifying-glass-plants-660.jpg

Botanist [Digital image]. (2013, December 05). Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://files.tested.com/photos/2013/12/05/55936-doug1.jpg

Botanist Garden Centre Botanic Potted Plant [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://media0.giphy.com/media/l0Iydxx0GzdErQb04/giphy.gif?cid=e1bb72ff5c3bfbb4776f6967737034d7 http://footage.framepool.com/shotimg/qf/587159636-botanist-garden-centre-botanic-potted-plant.jpg

Achievetilldeath. (2018, November 23). Retrieved January 11, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=4cS8cU3ACW4

Democracy Now. (n.d.). Climate Change [Digital image]. Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://www.democracynow.org/images/story/88/33488/full_hd/S08_Climate_Change.jpg

EPA Government. (2016, July). [Greenhouse Gas Levels]. Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-07/ghgconc2000-large.jpg

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Digital Analysis Corporation. (n.d.). Calcium Hydroxide -Lime-. Retrieved January 15, 2019, from http://www.phadjustment.com/TArticles/Lime.html

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A botanist is a career related to the environment and optics. Botanists use lenses to look closely at plants to investigate them further. They use equipment such as microscopes and magnifying glasses to study plants and investigate their DNA, what they're made of, the chemistry behind the plants, as well as studying the structure of different cells within the plants. Magnifying glasses and microscopes are examples of converging lenses, and they enlarge the plant cells by many times. Botanists also use electron microscopy to view cells at an even greater magnification and to take pictures of the cells for future reference. Being a botanist has many different responsibilities, and it is not a job to be overlooked.

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Plant Tissues and Organ Systems (Own Creation)

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Plant Tissues and Organ Systems (Own Creation)

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Everybody knows that us humans have tissue, organs, and organ systems, but did you know that plants have tissues, organs, and organ systems as well? This surprised Pikachu meme accurately displays many people's reactions when they first hear about this. Specialized cells in plants are meristematic cells, and they can become new tissues and organs in any part of the plant. Plant tissues include dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. The dermal tissue consists of epidermal cells, the ground tissue consists of cells that carry out photosynthesis and cells for support, and the vascular tissue includes xylem and phloem cells. Plant organs include the leaf, stem, root, and the flower. The leaf consists of palisade mesophyll tissue cells that performs photosynthesis through the use of chloroplasts. The centre of the leaf contains xylem and phloem tissue, which deliver water and nutrients. The stem contains most of the plant's xylem tissue where water can flow, and it also provides support for the plant. The roots secure the plant to the ground and absorb water and nutrients that are used to feed the plants. There are two types of roots: fibrous and taproots. Fibrous roots are spread out to stabilize the plant while taproots can reach far underground for water. The final organ is the flower, which is the reproductive system. The plant has two systems, the shoot and root systems. The root system takes in water and minerals from the soil and transports it to the shoot system. The shoot system supports the plant, carries out photosynthesis, and produces sap.

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Due to refraction, the image of an object is seen to be higher and closer than the actual position of the object. The eyes see the object to be higher and closer because of how light works normally. Instead, the light rays have refracted at the surface of the water, causing an optical illusion for the viewer. An example of this in the environment is fishing. When a person goes fishing and they see a fish in the water, it is actually an image of the fish that is closer and higher to the surface of the water than it actually is. In actuality, the fish could be a few more meters away and deeper than the viewer sees. The refraction of light through different mediums causes an optical illusion, messing with the brain and this will eventually lead to the fisher getting no fish.

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The theme of this curation is the environment. The items I chose all fit in this category, and I chose this theme as the environment is all around us, and this curation assignment could help people see how the main topics of Grade 10 Science are relevant outdoors and in the environment. Many of the selections relate to plants, as the environment is full of them, but there are also animals and other organisms that a person would find in the environment. It is a very wide variety of things found outside, and everyday items that we use outside. The careers all relate to the the idea of plants and biology, and how they can all create change and make the environment great again! The selections for physics all relate to how light travels through different mediums, such as glass, diamond, and water. Light refracts different through each, and it is very important to know how this happens in the environment, due to the vast amount of content that can be covered just through the environment alone. For the biology section, the posts were all plants as the environment is full of them! In addition to that, plant cells are more unique than animal cells, and a person would be much more knowledgeable after finding out about how plants and animals are alike and different as well. For climate change, the selections were on how the environment is affected by greenhouse gases, and the drastic effects that happen, such as the melting of ice sheets, etc. Finally, for chemistry, environmental chemistry was a big topic, and acid-base neutralization in soil and lakes was a topic that covered how chemicals react in the environment. As a whole, the course is very closely related to the environment due to the content that was covered and also how the environment can be applied to each and every topic that we learned in grade 10 science.

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This gif shows plant cells undergoing mitosis. The cells are dividing to create two identical daughter cells, each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are four steps in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, when chromosomes first start to appear, as they condense. Spindle fibres start to form during this stage as well.
Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell and the spindle fibres stretch to the centromeres, stretching the chromosomes apart.
Anaphase is when the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cells by the spindle fibres. Once each chromatid separates, they each become their own chromosome.
The last stage, telophase, is when the spindle fibres disappear and membranes start to form around two new daughter nuclei, each at opposites ends of the cell. The chromosomes become hard to see and the cell is ready to divide.

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In the graph, the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide can be seen to increase throughout the years. Methane levels have gone up quite significantly - in the year 1800, methane levels were around 700ppb(parts per billion), but that has exponentially increased and in the year 2000, methane levels were at an astonishing 2000ppb. That is a difference of 1300ppb in 200 years. Methane levels previously had not gone above 700ppb, but after the Industrial Revolution, all the greenhouse gas levels increased exponentially. Carbon dioxide levels went up from 275ppm(parts per million) to an astounding 485ppm(parts per million), and Nitrous oxide levels increased from 270ppb to 320ppb.

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Liming is used to neutralize the acid concentration in soil and lakes. It is a base, usually calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate, and when it reacts with the water, it raises the pH level of the water. This is an acid-base neutralization. The use of liming is involved in dealing with the challenge of acidification in lakes and soil, as many chemicals find their way into lakes and soil through pesticides, acid rain, chemicals, etc. and using a base would neutralize the acid, causing it to become a higher pH, and possibly closer to neutral. Because liming uses limestone, there is a high calcium content, which can affect organisms in the soil and lake drastically. As well, if acid continues to reenter the soil and lakes, continuously liming would be quite ineffective and expensive as well, which is why more permanent ways to remove acids is more efficient.

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Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) for use in pH Neutralization Systems

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Lime as Calcium Hydroxide can be a very good choice for a base for the neutralization of acidic wastewater

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Trump's Global Warming Hoax (Own Creation)

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Trump's Global Warming Hoax (Own Creation)

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Donald Trump has said many times that he believes that global warming/climate change is a hoax made up by scientists to scare people, but majority of people know that is not true. His stubbornness on this issue shows that he does not truly understand how big of an issue global warming is. In fact, global warming is such a big issue that it is predicted that by 2100, a lot of the world's continents will be covered by water, and it will be so hot that even fish could not survive in the water. The oceans will become different, and we are starting to see that now, with ice sheets melting at an alarming rate up north. If more and more people start trusting and believing Donald Trump about this, our world cannot be saved.

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Medical tools have never been more advanced and precise. This video of a surgery done on a grape is very intriguing, as a surgeon is using robotics to manipulate the robotic hands of the robot to do the "surgery". This video shows how precise this machinery can be now, as the surgeon uses the tools to peel the skin off of the grape quite meticulously. However, having technology do the work instead of actual humans doing this does raise many questions. One of the most obvious questions would be what if the power suddenly shuts off during the middle of an operation, or if the robotic tools do not respond to the surgeon operating the robot and start acting erratically. This could be quite dangerous and would have severe consequences, and society is led to believe that having surgery done by hand instead of by robot would be safer and much better. There is no doubt that there would be much less technical issues, but having a robot do the job is more precise and allows the surgeon to magnify what they are cutting or a specific damaged part of an organ. However, many more hospitals are now switching to robots to do the surgeries, but they cost a lot of money, and repairs would cost a lot as well. The future is bright with technology, but there will always be social and ethical implications on them when dealing with medical technology.

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"They Did Surgery On A Grape" - Original Full Video of Meme

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A magnifying glass (Biconvex mirrors, or converging lens) is used to examine many plants in the environment, as well as other living organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye. Magnifying glasses are used by biologists and botanists who want to inspect plants in greater detail, and they enlarge the object greatly. The way magnifying glasses work is by refraction. A magnifying glass is made with biconvex mirrors, or two convex mirrors back to back. Light from the object passes through the biconvex lens and refracted towards the eye, causing the object to appear bigger. Some magnifying glasses are made of a single convex lens, but the way these magnifying glasses cause objects to look bigger is similar, if not the same. Light rays from the object converge once they pass through the convex lens, creating a virtual image at the back of the retina. A real image is created and it allows the viewer to see things at a magnification greater than what would normally be seen.

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Many chemicals make their way into the environment each year. These include chemicals from factories, automobiles, etc. and can have severe effects on the environment. In the middle photo below, a bird is covered in petroleum, and this is an example of chemicals making their way into the environment. In 2010, a massive oil spill happened in the Gulf of Mexico, and this was the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. 11 people were killed in an explosion on the oil rig, and an estimated 31.9 million barrels of oil had leaked into the Gulf of Mexico. BP (British Petroleum) workers, as well as government workers used chemical oil dispersants to try and break down the oil underneath the water, but the cost was devastating. Over 1.4 million gallons of different chemical dispersants were used , and much of the sea life was affected by these chemicals. In fact, much of the dispersant was found underwater, rapidly colonized by bacteria, and in some deep sea sediment as well. The oil itself affected wildlife drastically; dolphin deaths went from 63 deaths/year to 125 deaths in the seven months following the oil spill, to a grand total of 335 in all of 2011. Seabird numbers dropped drastically as well, as hundreds of thousands died due to the oil sticking to their wings, inhibiting them from flying. Studies showed that there were heart defects in bluefin tuna and other fish due to the oil, and the coral underwater showed significant damage due to the chemicals and the bacteria breakdown.This goes to show how big of an impact these chemicals can have on the environment and the wildlife around it, and this is quite devastating.

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In Rihanna's song "Diamond", the lyrics are "Shine bright like a diamond", but instead of shining, diamonds actually refract which cause the diamond to look shiny. When diamond is first mined out of a mine, this product is not as shiny as the final product, as diamonds are cut specifically to make them look shinier. This is total internal reflection as well as dispersion. The refractive index of a diamond is quite high, which causes the diamond to look shiner due to how the light is refracted. Many light rays pass through the diamond and refract at different angles, dispersing the light and this is why the diamonds look shiny.

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One of the career paths for biology, and relating to the environment, is a biologist. There are a few different career paths for a person who wants to become a biologist, such as a research biologist, health care biologist, environmental management and conservation biologist, as well as educational biologist.
Research biologists study the natural world using scientific tools and techniques in laboratories, as well as outside in the environment, to see how living systems work.
Health care biologists develop public health campaigns to decrease the likelihood for diseases and do research on how to stop illnesses and growing epidemics.
Environmental management and conservational biologists solve environmental problems to preserve the environment for future generations. They come up with unique solutions on how to develop new and greener technology, and they use technology to try and predict what a piece of land may look like in the future.
Educational biologists work in classroom settings, or educational settings, to spread the knowledge of biology to many people, and they help students, teachers, as well as other biologists learn new things.

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Environmental chemists try to improve environmental health using their knowledge of chemical properties of substances. They collect and analyze air, soil, and water samples, develop methods to investigate different parts of the environment at a deeper and closer level, create reports from data that was previously collected and analyzed, and they assist in remediation programs. In addition to that, they suggest new methods of using contaminants and chemicals in the environment which will not harm the environment as much. They also conduct research on chemicals and how they can be used during times of crisis, such as chemical spills, and other emergency responses. These are quite important responsibilities as they help make the environment greener and more chemical-free.

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An environmentalist is a person who cares deeply about the environment and is taking steps to protect it. There are three possible career prospects for somebody who wants to become an environmentalist.
Environmental Scientist - Environmental scientists study how to keep the environment greener and protect it from pollution and contaminants. A bachelor's degree is required for most of these, and the median salary as of 2015 is $67,460.
Environmental Lobbyist - Environmental lobbyists work for organizations and push to persuade legislators, or people of political influence to develop new environmental policies and alert them to the ongoing environmental issues. A bachelor's degree is required, and most lobbyists have a law degree as well. The median salary as of 2016 is $105,385.
Postsecondary Environmental Educators - Environmental educators teach college and university students about the importance of keeping the environment green and healthy. The students are taught about environmental science and other related subjects, such as environmental chemistry and there are also lab opportunities and real world trials. A doctoral degree is required to be a postsecondary environmental educator, although sometimes a masters degree is sufficient enough. The median salary as of 2015 is $78,770.

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An environmentalist's job is to help the public make decisions about how we use natural resources and interact with our surroundings. Through research, publications and lobbying, these professionals distribute information on the current and future condition of our environment.

The typical duties of an environmentalist will depend greatly on the individual's chosen career; some environmentalists are scientists who measure contamination, decay or depletion of resources, while others are environmental lobbyists who help make decisions on environmental law. Here is information on three careers for budding environmentalists.

Environmental Scientists

Environmental scientists study the best ways to preserve the environment and protect it from pollution and other contaminants. Entry-level environmental scientists are typically required to have a bachelor's degree; however, employers may prefer candidates who have graduate degrees. Colleges and universities offer bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in environmental science, but prospective environmental scientists can also major in other sciences like biology, physics or chemistry. The curricula for environmental science programs may include such courses as plant biology, organic chemistry, statistics, ecology and environmental policy. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), environmental scientists are expected to see job growth of 11% from 2014-2024 ( www.bls.gov). In 2015, their median annual salary was $67,460.

Environmental Lobbyists

Environmental lobbyists work on behalf of organizations and interest groups to persuade legislators on environmental issues and policy. While most jobs in politics require at least a bachelor's degree, lobbyists often have a law degree as well. As undergraduates, they may choose to study environmental science or a related major to have a firm understanding of the environmental issues they will be discussing in the future. Prospective lobbyists may want to consider volunteering for an environmental organization or political campaign to gain a foot in the door for their future career in politics. Though salary data specific to environmental lobbyists is hard to find, Salary.com reported a 2016 median annual salary of $105,385 for all lobbyists.

Environmental Educators

Environmental educators teach college students environmental science and related subjects. In order to be qualified to teach at the college level, educators must typically have earned a doctoral degree in the field that they will be teaching. Although aspiring environmental educators may often hold doctoral degrees in environmental science, they may also be qualified to teach in the environmental science department of a university if they have earned a graduate degree in a related science major, such as geosciences or biology. According to the BLS, postsecondary environmental science teachers' median salary was $78,770 as of May 2015.

Individuals interested in working in environmental science have several career paths from which to choose. Environmental scientists focus on technical aspects, environmental lobbyists are persuasive and enterprising, while postsecondary environmental educators teach and conduct research. With each career option comes variances in salary, job outlook and educational requirements.

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An environmentalist's job is to help the public make decisions about how we use natural resources and interact with our surroundings. Through research, publications and lobbying, these professionals distribute information on the current and future condition of our environment.

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Global Warming Stopped? Pshh (Own Creation)

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Global Warming Stopped? Pshh (Own Creation)

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Global warming cannot be stopped easily. In fact, global warming can't be stopped. One does not simply stop global warming. It's impossible. However, there are ways to slow down global warming that we can do in our everyday lives. By living greener, we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, and this includes riding bikes instead of driving, or carpooling instead of taking separate cars. Powering our homes by using renewable energy is a great way to prevent climate change, and buying Energy Star appliances helps as well. Eating less meat means that less methane gas will be produced (cows!!) and livestock is the most resource-intensive to produce, so cutting down on it wouldn't hurt. By living greener, we are saving the earth one step at a time. It's the baby steps that count.

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Factories, buses, cars, etc. all speed up global warming by producing greenhouse gases. These include CFCs, methane, nitrous oxides, as well as carbon dioxide. CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are man-made chemicals that can stay in the Earth's atmosphere for an indefinite amount of time, and their heat capacity is quite high, meaning that it can trap a lot of heat within the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the cause of global warming. However, most of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, but it doesn't have a high heat capacity and doesn't stay in the atmosphere for too long. Most of the carbon dioxide is created by humans by breathing, so it is quite insignificant and does not have much of an effect towards global warming.