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Infraspinatus contractureand bursal ossification (Sporting dog injuries)

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Infraspinatus contractureand bursal ossification (Sporting dog injuries)

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The infraspinatus muscle arises from the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula, crosses the shoulder joint, and inserts on the humerus at the greater tubercle just distal to the supraspinatus insertion point. One of the first reports of mineralization of the infraspinatus tendon was in Labrador retrievers; progressive lameness was reported to develop in this breed.

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Levy, I., Hall, C., Trentacosta, N., & Percival, M. (2009). A preliminary retrospective survey of injuries occurring in dogs participating in canine agility. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 22(04), 321-324. Retrieved from https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.3415/VCOT-08-09-0089
Most injuries happened on dry, outdoor surfaces. Border Collies were the breed that were most commonly injured. Injuries to soft tissues were most common in all dogs. The areas of the dogs that were most commonly injured were their backs and shoulders. An obstacle caused the majority of the injuries.

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Common to develop flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy or avulsion, superficial digital flexor tendon elongation

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Common to develop flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy or avulsion, superficial digital flexor tendon elongation.
Palmar ligament hyperextension injury.

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Injuries commonly occur in the left front legs due to the course being anti-clockwise and the bends. Can cause fractures and dislocations.
Right Hind factures and ruptures.

Hickman, J. (1975). Greyhound injuries. Journal of small animal practice, 16(1‐12), 455-460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1975.tb05772.x

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Shoulder injuries are common due to pressure from landing jumps and ascending/descending a-frames. Dogs land on same forelimb increasing high impact; chronic overload of dominant limb

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Common injuries related to track surface

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Common injuries related to track surface

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https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c2fa/4a28253f5885fbc9397d10be7f09b9e8b50c.pdf
Muscle injuries from over extension due to lack of warm up. Strain on the muscles from the initial acceleration speed. Injuries to the greyhound’s foot from the track surface, broken nails and ted could become infected and inflamed. The thick layer of the pads and webbing of the paws become worn from the surface and high speeds.#

Cook, A. (1998). Literature survey of racing greyhound injuries, performance and track conditions. Journal of Turfgrass Science, 74, 108-113.

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56.6 per cent of undocked spaniels and 38.5 per cent of undocked HPRs sustaining at least one tail injury during the season

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Arthritis 0.0045 Broken/fractured bone 0.0014 Hyperextension injury (carpus) 0.0006 Cruciate ligament rupture/tear 0.0021 Hip dysplacia 0.0015 Muscle injury (tear, sprain, strain)

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A survey of 4 injuries at five greyhoundracing tracks 

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A survey of 4 injuries at five greyhoundracing tracks 

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Commonly sustain musculoskeletal injuries that are rarely seen in other breeds

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Marcellin-Little, Levine, & Taylor, 2005

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Marcellin-Little, Levine, & Taylor, 2005

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Injuries in the sporting dogs from commony occur from trauma incduced by activity or trauma by an accident by in the activity (Marcellin-Little, Levine, & Taylor, 2005).  Other injuries occur by chronic overload such as fatigur fractures of the tarsal bone in the racing greyhound and from preexisting orthrapedic conditions such as hip displasia (Marcellin-Little, Levine, & Taylor, 2005).

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Muscle injury and antioxidant status in sled dogs competing in a long-distance sled dog race (KW Hinchcliff , PD Constable and RA DiSilvestro) 

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Muscle injury and antioxidant status in sled dogs competing in a long-distance sled dog race (KW Hinchcliff , PD Constable and RA DiSilvestro) 

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Abstract
Exercise is associated with an increase in the production of oxidants that may be instrumental in the development
of exertional rhabdomyolysis. We speculated that participation in a long-distance sled race would alter antioxidant
capacity of dogs, in conjunction with increases in indices of rhabdomyolysis. The objective was to determine the
effect of participation in a long-distance sled dog race on antioxidant capacity and plasma creatine kinase (CK)
activity in sled dogs. This was a prospective, longitudinal study on a convenience sample of 57 Alaskan sled
dogs participating in a 1600 km sled dog race. Blood samples were collected before racing (31 dogs) and after
racing (39 dogs) for measurement of plasma vitamin E concentration; CK, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and
caeruloplasmin (CER) activity; and red-blood-cell (RBC) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activity. CER and GPX activities after the race were 26% and 14% lower, respectively, than before racing
whereas CK and AST were 300% and 170% greater. There was no change in plasma vitamin E concentration or
RBC SOD activity. We conclude that completion of a long-distance sled dog race involving prolonged and repeated
submaximal exercise results in a reduction in enzymatic antioxidant activity in the blood of sled dogs.

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Of the shoulder and carpus are very common in marathon sled dogs- positive correlation between carpal injuries and an increase in conditioning distance (training miles).
Speed has been anecdotally suggested by mushers to be positively correlated with more OI

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shoulder injuries have been associated with quick turns and changes of direction as well as slippery surfaces

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fewer shoulder injuries in female dogs. This could be attributed to female dogs typically being smaller, lighter, and often used as lead dogs compared with heavier male dogs used as wheel dogs where they are exposed to heavier loads being closer to the sled

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Dogs most commonly injured front paws (23.7%) and shoulders (15.8%). Most common diagnoses were strains (44.7%) and cut/scrapes (21.1%).

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Performance failure in Alaskan sled dogs: biochemical correlates (K. W. HINCHCLIFF)

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Performance failure in Alaskan sled dogs: biochemical correlates (K. W. HINCHCLIFF)

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Many dogs competing in long distance sled dog races do not complete the race. In this study the plasma biochemical variables of
dogs that completed a long distance sled race were compared with those of dogs that did not complete the race. Blood samples
were collected from dogs completing the race and from retired dogs, within six hours of their finishing or retiring. The plasma
concentrations of magnesium, phosphate and triglyceride and the plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase
were significantly (P<0.003) greater in the dogs that retired than in the dogs that completed the race. Dogs that
finished had significantly higher (P<0.003) plasma urea nitrogen and uric acid concentrations and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
activity than dogs that retired. These differences were judged not to be clinically significant. The dogs that retired showed
no evidence of dehydration, significant plasma electrolyte abnormalities, or myopathy.

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The most 3 commonly injured regions were the shoulder and back. Contact with an obstacle was reported as the perceived cause of injury, with A-frame, dog walk, and bar jump obstacles most commonly reported.

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The effects of surface compliance on greyhound galloping dynamics

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The effects of surface compliance on greyhound galloping dynamics

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Most injuries are caused by the surface of the track. This study investigates what the ideal surface should be for the benefit and welfare of the dogs. The substrate was designed to be spring-loaded. Results showed the forces on the hind legs and how they are affected by different surfaces such as natural grass and synthetic rubber.

Hayati, H., Eager, D., & Walker, P. (2019). The effects of surface compliance on greyhound galloping dynamics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics, 233(4), 1033-1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464419319858544

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Baltzer, W. (2012). Preventing injury in sporting dogs. Vet Med, 107, 178-83. retrieved from file:///C:/Users/hello/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bbwe/TempState/Downloads/vetm0412_PreventingInjuries%20(1).pdf