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Animals that live on the tundra must be able to adapt to very cold temperatures. They must also be able to raise their young during the very short summer months.

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Lepus arcticus

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The arctic hare is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the Leporidae family. The Arctic hare is the largest hare in North America. Its fur is grayish-brown in the summer. It has short ears with black tips. In the winter, it has all white fur, except for the black tips on its ears.  Its white fur helps camouflage it from predators in the winter. The Arctic hare eats mostly woody plants like willow twigs and roots, but it also eats sedges, mosses, and berries. Arctic hares are mainly herbivorous though can act as an opportunist predator or scavenger. The predators of the arctic hare are the arctic wolf, arctic fox, red fox, grey wolf, lynx, snowy owl, gyrfalcon, ermine and Canadian lynx.

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Ursus maritimus

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The polar bear is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the  Ursidae family. The polar bear's white fur helps camouflage it in its polar environment. The polar bear has two layers of fur, a soft under coat and an outer coat of guard hairs. The guard hairs are hollow and help the polar bear float. Polar bears are carnivores. The polar bear's primary food source is seals. It also eats fish, seabirds, and sometimes caribou. In the summer, the polar bear may also eat berries and other plants. The polar bear has no predators other than man.

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Rangifer tarandus

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The caribou is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the Cervidae family. It has brown shaggy fur and a white neck, rump, and belly. In some areas, the caribou can be almost entirely white. The caribou has a long snout; a short tail; and long legs with large, round hooves. The caribou is the only deer species in which both the male and female have antlers. Caribous are herbivores and they eat lichens, mushrooms, grasses, sedges, flowering tundra plants, the twigs of birches and willows, and fruit. Predators of caribou are golden eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, and wolverines.

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Vulpes lagopus

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The arctic fox is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the Canidae family. The arctic fox is dark gray to brown to bluish-brown in the summer. In the winter, its fur is white or creamy white. It has a long bushy tail, a short nose, and small ears. It has short, stubby legs and thick fur. Its short legs and nose, thick fur, and small ears are adaptations that help it survive in cold climates.  The arctic fox is  mainly carnivorous though they eat berries and seaweed when available. The arctic fox mainly eats small mammals like lemmings, voles, ground squirrels, birds, insects, eggs, and carrion. In the winter it often follows polar bears and wolves and eats their leftover kill. The predators of the arctic fox are polar bears, wolverines, red foxes and golden eagles.

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Bombus polaris

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The arctic bumble bee is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the  Apidae family. This arctic bumblebee usually has a black thorax with orange or yellow edges and an orange or yellow abdomen that can have a black tip. The arctic bumble bee uses the large flight muscles to heat their body. Arctic bumble bees can shiver these large muscles and generate enough heat to bring their body temperature up to the minimum flight temperature of 86 degrees Fahrenheit. The arctic bumble bee is a herbivore. The arctic bumble bee is known to feed on berries and shrubs, including alpine bear-berry, black crow-berry, bog blueberry, and lingon-berry. It is also a key pollinator of many far northern species, including arctic willow, arctic rose, red current, and arctic poppy. The predators of the arctic bumble bee are buff-breasted sandpiper, common eider, and old squaw.

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Charadrius semipalmatus

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The semipalmated plover is apart of the Animalia kingdom and the Charadriidae family. The semiplamated plover has a brown back and white undersides. It has a white neck and throat with a black band around it and orange legs and feet. Its black bill has an orange band around it. The semipalmated plover has a black band on the top of its head, white "eyebrows" and a white patch between its eyes. The semipalmated plover is a carnivore. Semipalamted plover eats eats insects like grasshoppers, mosquitoes, and locusts. It also eats crustaceans and mollusks. The predators of semipalmated plover are arctic foxes, red foxes, weasels, peregrine falcons, merlins, prairie falcons, common ravens, rough-legged hawks, herring gulls, and parasitic jaegers.

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There are many species of plants in the tundra. The plants tend to be small and close to the ground. This protects them from strong winds and cold temperatures.

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Salix

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The willow tree is apart of the Plantae kingdom and the Salicaceae family. Willows in the tundra are dwarf versions of the familiar temperate-zone trees. Dwarf willows are woody shrubs that may only be a few inches high, with their branches spread prostrate across the ground to take advantage of what shelter may be found near the surface.

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Cladonia rangiferina

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The reindeer lichen is apart of the Plantae kingdom and the Cladoniaceae family. The branches  of the reindeer lichen are slender, curved, and typically all in the same direction. The reindeer lichen is a whitish-grey in color and grows in bushy clumps low to the ground.

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Marchantiophyta

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Liverwort is apart of the Plantae kingdom and the Marchantiaceae family. A liverwort is a flowerless, spore-producing plant. There are two types of liverwort, the leafy liverwort and the thallose liverwort. A leafy liverwort consists of leaves on stems. A thallose liverwort is flattish, green sheet like, and possibly wrinkled. Liverwort grows close to the ground in the tundra.

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Average Winter Temperature:
-34 degrees Celsius
Average Summer Temperature:
3-12 degrees Celsius

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Average yearly precipitation:
15-25 cm

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php
https://sites.google.com/site/larrybreannatundrabiome/climatogram
https://www.ducksters.com/science/ecosystems/tundra_biome.php
http://www.softschools.com/facts/biomes/tundra_biome_facts/171/

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The Tundra Biome has around 400 varieties of flowers, but less than 50 different animals.

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There are two different types of Tundra: the Alpine Tundra which is located high in the mountains and the Arctic Tundra which is located in the Arctic Circle.

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Permafrost is a key feature of the Tundra and it is a layer of ground below the topsoil that is always frozen.

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https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/bombus_polaris.shtml
https://www.coolantarctica.com/index.php
https://nhpbs.org/wild/tundra.asp

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https://insightmaker.com/insight/149932/Tundra-Food-Web

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A type of natural region or biome that doesn't contain trees because of its high elevation.

Temperature Range:
- Colder at higher elevations
- Temp. gets 5.5 F lower every 1,000 feet higher in elevation
- Average Summer Temp. = 50 F

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Kea
- A species of large parrot that is found in the forested & alpine regions of New Zealand.
- Olive-green feathers, orange wings, large/narrow beak
- The kea is the world's only alpine parrot
- Eats carrion, roots, leaves, berries, nectar, & insects

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Bighorn Sheep
- A species of sheep native to North America that is known for its large horns.
- Originated from Siberia, crossed the Bering land bridge into North America
- Thick coat, powerful horns, 300 lbs
- Known for its presence in Native American mythology
- Population numbers are decreasing because of diseases & overhunting
- Eats willow, sage, rabbit brush, desert holly, & desert cactus

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Yak
- A long-haired domesticated mammal of the cattle family found throughout the Himalayan region
- Located in the Indian subcontinent, the Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia, & Russia
- Bulky frame, sturdy legs, rounded hooves, & very long/dense dark brown fur
- Eats grasses, sedges, herbs, winterfat shrubs, mosses, & lichen

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https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/alpine_tundra_ecosystem.htm
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https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/alpine_tundra_ecosystem.htm
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http://www.tundraanimals.net/