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Lesson plan Wk 1/2

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Khan academy

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- At this point, people have been studying the impacts that humans have had on the world around us for a solid 50 years, and while it's hard to get a handle on exactly how the choices we make every day affect the environment, there is no question that our lifestyles, our cars, our need for more farmland, and our love of all kinds of plastic stuff are putting the hurt on ecosystems all over the world. Human activity all by itself, just people doing what they do could be responsible for the extinction of nearly 1000 plant and animal species to date, most of them over the last century, and even if you don't particularly care about the Barbary lion or the Saint Helena olive or the passenger pigeon or anything else we've driven into extinction, the thing is, we need these other organisms. The ecosystems of the world are working very hard for us every day, filtering water, sucking carbon dioxide out of the air, producing all the food we eat, all very important ecosystem services, benefits that the natural world provides us for free. So having ecosystems and keeping them intact is important, not only for the organisms who live in them but also for us, the animals who rely on them for thousands and thousands of things that we could never do for ourselves. Over the next two episodes, we're gonna look at these systems and how our actions are affecting the ecosystems that we need for our survival. Basically, we are messing up the environment six ways from Sunday but to make it easy on ourselves, let's start with the top five. (upbeat music) We've all been hearing about all the different ways that our behavior is affecting the biosphere, extinctions, climate change, deforestation, acid rain, desertification, pollution, and more, but you're asking, oh, well, why are all these things bad, what's going on, how is this stuff turning the earth into sausage, I don't understand. Well, I do understand, which is why I'm qualified to make this video, so let me lay it on you. The services that ecosystems provide for us, all the dirty work they do, could be broken up into four different categories. There are things that we could never ever ever duplicate or work around no matter what kind of smarty-pants technology we come up with. First, healthy ecosystems provide support services that create and replenish the foundation of the earth's biological systems. These services include recycling all of the compounds that are necessary for life through the carbon, water, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. They also include other processes we've talked about before like forming new soils and producing atmospheric oxygen. Some ecosystems contribute more to these services than others, but none of them can get these basic jobs done unless they are intact. Two, ecosystems also perform provisioning services, getting us the raw materials we need to live, like the ocean provides food in the form of fish sticks and stuff, and rivers and aquifers and other freshwater sources give us water. Plants and animals also yield all kinds of fiber that we use for clothing and shelter and all around us, we find sources of fuel, whether it's biomass in the form of grasses or wood, hydropower in the form of flowing water, whether the carbon locked in millions of years old trees that we're now re-releasing into the atmosphere, but I'm getting ahead of myself. Ecosystems also perform super important regulating services, moderating many of the earth's systems that can get dangerous if they get out of whack. Like as we learned in biology, fungi and other organisms take on the task of decomposing dead things and poop. Meanwhile, plants help filter the water you drink and the air you breathe and provide flood control and they also absorb all that carbon you exhaled and that your car belches out, which in turn helps regulate the climate, and finally, number four, ecosystems are just kind of awesome. It's nice to be surrounded by happy plants and critters doing their business. Nice robust ecosystems give us places to play, scenes to inspire us and things to just discover and learn about. These are their less tangible but still important cultural services. An interesting thing about ecosystem services is that economists actually can and do calculate the monetary value they provide for humanity. If, for example, we had to do all of the things that ecosystems do for us, it would cost us $46 trillion per year, which is a lot considering that the output of the global economy is $66 trillion per year, so yeah, we should be happy that we don't have to pay for that. But you'll notice that I keep saying that ecosystems can only serve up all this awesome sauce if they are intact. By that, I mean they specifically have to have their biodiversity intact, because ecosystems are just a bunch of living and nonliving things working together, so unless their living parts are healthy, they're basically just rocks and weather. The main reason biodiversity is so important is that it makes ecosystems more resilient to that never-ending change we talked about a few weeks ago. Ecosystems with high biodiversity are way more resilient to disturbances than those with low biodiversity. In a high biodiversity system, if you take one species out of the mix, it's less likely that the ecosystem will collapse. Take a hectare of Amazonian rain forest. In that little patch of land, there are more different species of plants and animals than there are in all of Europe. Some of those species of insect goes extinct, there's less risk that the whole house of cards will fall than say in the Sonoran Desert, where there are very few organisms, so the disappearance of one species could effect the entire ecosystem. So the best way to understand our impacts on the environment is a through how we affect biodiversity. Unfortunately, it turns out that we've been doing a really bang up job of endangering some of the highest biodiversity ecosystems on the planet. In some cases, we are having impacts on the organisms themselves directly. In other cases, we are affecting biodiversity indirectly by creating one or two changes in that ecosystem that cascade into all kinds of problems for living things. First, let's look at that hectare of Amazonian rain forest again, because even though it's one of those super resilient ecosystems, we're having a serious impact on it. How? Well, first, by removing a lot of what makes a forest a forest, trees. According to some estimates, we're clearcutting around 8000 hectares of trees a day to provide land to graze cattle on and to harvest wood to make coffee tables or whatever. When you cut down a hectare of rain forest, suddenly a place where a few thousand species used to live turns into a place where just a handful of species live, some grass and weeds, maybe some rats or mice, some insects and you know, some cows, 'cause man, we love cows. And when you take out so many of the living things on that hectare of land, a bunch of things happen. For starters, you're not just affecting that ecosystem, but neighboring ecosystems as well. For instance, all of those trees that were cut down provided the service of regulating the flow of all that rain that rainforests get, not only by absorbing some of it, but also by slowing down runoff, letting the water seep into the soil before slowly making its way into streams and rivers and ultimately the ocean. But when those trees are gone, the water hits the land and shoots off into the nearest tree and causing erosion and washing minerals and chemicals all the way to the sea, where it affects marine ecosystems and when I say affect, I don't mean in a good way. This, my friends, is what's called a cascade effect. In this case, caused by deforestation, one of the most obvious of observable human impacts. In addition to causing more flooding and changes in water quality, deforestation on a larger scale can lead to another impact, desertification, where the spread of dry, unproductive landscapes. But cutting down trees doesn't automatically turn a forest into a desert. Desertification is driven along by additional factors, like overgrazing by cattle and over-irrigation. So how can overwatering something make it turn into a desert? Well, when we use groundwater to irrigate crops, the natural salts in the groundwater build up in the soil, eventually making it so salty that nothing wants to live there. Over time, fertile land near desert ecosystems become overtaxed and the desert spreads, and this is exactly what has happened in China over the past century where overgrazing and the city's unquenchable thirst for water have caused the Gobi Desert to grow by 3600 square kilometers every year. Now, these two impacts by themselves clearly limit the biodiversity of otherwise lush ecosystems, but because they also result in fewer trees that provide the all-important services of releasing oxygen and absorbing the CO2, you know what domino's gonna fall next, the climate, carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas. It insulates the earth, so it stands to reason that the more CO2 there is in the atmosphere, the warmer the earth will be, and the thing is, we're reducing the size of forests at the same time as we're unleashing all kinds of greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels. This double whammy is much of what's driving global warming. As a result, we are seeing decreases in the levels of polar sea ice, which means less habitat for polar bears, seals, and sea birds. More temperate animals are moving closer to the poles and the hotter, dryer conditions are causing more grass fires and forest fires. And while the climate has changed many times in the past, those changes usually took place over centuries or even millennia, giving organisms time to adapt or move. These changes are taking place within our lifetimes and it's kind of a huge deal and it's complicated and it'd take me at least like 10 minutes 52 seconds to explain it all in detail, which is why I did that in another video. By now, hopefully you can see how one human impact can lead to another, and how even indirectly, they can end up reducing biodiversity, but it's hard to overlook the more immediate impacts we can have on ecosystems. One of the most in-your-face ways we affect biodiversity is by introducing non-native species, either intentionally or unintentionally. Again, there are so many examples of this that you can learn more about in another video I did, but suffice to say, whether it's kudzu with North America or cane toads in Australia, invasive species have a knack for outcompeting or outright eating native species to the point that it rocks the world of an entire ecosystem, and finally, probably the most direct impact we have on biodiversity is simply overharvesting certain organisms. We're overfishing the oceans to meet growing demand for popular fish species like tuna, while on land, we're exterminating important predators like wolves to protect livestock. Those cows again, and the less diverse those ecosystems are, the more vulnerable they become to disturbances, including those other four impacts I just mentioned. And the fact is, there is a bunch more where those came from, because there's a whole separate set of effects that humanity has on the biosphere that stem simply from us putting the wrong amounts of certain stuff in the wrong place at the wrong time.

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5 human impacts on the environment (video) | Khan Academy

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At this point, people have been studying the impacts that humans have had on the world around us for a solid 50 years, and while it's hard to get a handle on exactly how the choices we make every day affect the environment, there is no question that our lifestyles, our cars, our need for more farmland, and our love of all kinds of plastic stuff are putting the hurt on ecosystems all over the world.

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We as humans have become dependent on luxuries such as cars, houses, and even our cell phones. But what does our love for manufactured metallic and plastic goods do to the environment? Things like overconsumption, overfishing, deforestation are dramatically impacting our world.

Human activity can be directly attributed to the cause of hundreds of extinctions in the last two centuries, versus the millions of years that extinctions naturally occur. As we progress through the 21st century, humans have changed the world in unprecedented ways.

Human impact on the environment has become one of the main topics for university staff all over the world. While they search for the answer, the public needs to do its part. At least, you need to be aware of all the factors that contribute to this state and share the knowledge.

1. Overpopulation

Source: Diy13/iStock

Survival used to mean repopulating. That, however, is quickly becoming true for the opposite as we reach the maximum carrying capacity that our planet can sustain.

Overpopulation has grown into an epidemic since mortality rates have decreased, medicine has improved, and methods of industrial farming were introduced, thus keeping humans alive for much longer and increasing the total population.
SEE ALSO: WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND WHY IS IT A PROBLEM?
The effects of overpopulation are quite severe, with one of the most severe being the degradation of the environment.

Humans require space and lots of it whether it is for farmland or industries which also takes up tons of space. An increased population results in more clear-cutting, resulting in severely damaged ecosystems. Without enough trees to filter the air, CO₂ levels increase which carries the potential to damage every single organism on Earth.

Another issue is our dependency on coal and fossil fuels for energy, the larger the population, the more fossil fuels will be used. The use of fossil fuels (such as oil and coal) results in copious amounts of carbon dioxide into the air- threatening the extinction of thousands of species which adds to the effect that forest depletion already has.

Humanity continuously requires more space, which devastates ecosystems and increases CO₂ levels, further devastating the delicate environment. Although processed materials are necessary to power the cities, the previous assessment tells us that the planet can only sustain so much damage until it will begin to damage us.

2. Pollution

Source: zeljkosantrac/iStock

Pollution is everywhere. From the trash thrown out on the freeway, to the millions of metric tons of pollution pumped into the atmosphere every year- it's obvious, pollution and waste are inescapable.

Pollution is so bad that to date, 2.4 billion people do not have access to clean water sources. Humanity is continuously polluting indispensable resources like air, water, and soil which requires millions of years to replenish.

Air is arguably the most polluted with the US producing 147 million metric tons of air pollution each year alone.

In 1950, smog was so bad in LA that the ground-level ozone (atmospheric gas that is great in the atmosphere, not so much on the ground) surpassed 500 parts per billion volume (ppbv)- well above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 75 ppbv (6.6 times more to be precise).

People thought they were under foreign attack as the smog burned their eyes and left an odor of bleach in the air. That is when the devastating effect of aerosols was discovered.

While air quality in the US has slightly improved, the quality in developing countries continues to plummet as smog continuously blocks out the sun in a dense shroud of pollution. This is just one of the issues we have to tackle in the near future.

3. Global Warming

Global warming is arguably the greatest cause of impact on the environment. The largest of causes emanating through CO₂ levels from respiration to more detrimental causes like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

At any rate, humans are consistently increasing CO₂ levels globally- every year. The highest level of CO₂ in recorded history before 1950 was about 300 parts per million. However, current measurements of CO₂ levels have exceeded above 400 PPM, abolishing every record dating back 400,000 years.

The increase of CO₂ emissions has contributed to the planet's average temperature increasing almost a whole degree.

As the temperature increases, arctic land ice and glaciers melt which causes the ocean levels to rise at a rate of 3.42mm per year, allowing more water to absorb more heat, which melts more ice, creating a positive feedback loop which will cause the oceans to rise 1-4 feet by 2100.
So what's the big deal?
4. Climate Change

Source: Sepp/iStock

Climate change is closely connected to the historical development of industry and technology. As global temperatures increase, Earth's weather patterns will drastically change. While some areas will experience longer growing seasons, others will become barren wastelands as water will deplete in vast areas, turning once floral regions into deserts.

The increase will impact weather patterns, promising more intense hurricanes in both size and frequency, as well as intensifying and prolonging droughts and heatwaves. But air pollution does not just affect the environment.

The evidence is mounting that poor air quality and rising temperatures are ruining delicate ecosystems, even leading to increased asthma and cancer rates in humans.

5. Genetic Modification

Source: simarik/iStock

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been a major contributor to the survival and prosperity of humans. GMO's are selected bred crops or crops that have had DNA directly implanted into it in order to give an advantage to the crop, whether that be to sustain colder temperatures, require less water, or yield more product.

But GMO's are not always intentional. For years humans have used glyphosate, a herbicide designed to eliminate weeds - the biggest threat to any plant. However, just as humans have a learning immune system, certain weeds have developed a resistance to 22 of 25 known herbicides, with 249 species of weeds completely immune according to the latest scientific report.

" Super weeds" threaten farming lands by chocking outcrops. One of the only solutions is to till the land, turning over the soil to kill the weeds and give an early advantage to the planted crops.

The disadvantage of tilling, however, is that it causes the soil to dry faster and kills off good bacteria, making its fertile lifespan significantly shorter. To replenish the depleted soil, fertilizer is used, which introduces a whole new set of problems to the environment and can be disastrous for local agriculture in the long run.

6. Ocean Acidification

is caused when CO₂ dissolves into the ocean bonding with seawater creating carbonic acid. The acid reduces the pH levels in the water, essentially changing the Ocean acidity by 30% in the last 200 years according to analysis - a level that the ocean has not been at in over 20 million years.

The acidity depletes the calcium concentrations, making it difficult for crustaceans to build their shell, leaving them vulnerable without their armor. Between the global temperature rise of one degree and the ocean acidification, scientists say a quarter of all coral reefs are considered damaged beyond repair, with two-thirds under serious threat. The death of coral reefs is a serious concern.

Coral reefs are home to 25% of aquatic life, many of which are responsible for the natural filtration of the ocean and production of necessary nutrients that are vital for life under the sea. However, acidification is not the only watery threat as there are other human activities causing severe changes. Things like plastic pollution and overfishing are wreaking havoc on our oceans.

7. Water Pollution

There are 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic debris in the ocean . Not only is garbage introduced into the oceans, but also the excessive amounts of fertilizer that finds its way into the ocean through rains, floods, winds, or dumped in excess right into the largest producer of the oxygen we have.

Fertilizer contains nitrogen, an element essential for the growth of plants- but that does not limit it to what it was intended for.

Phytoplankton and algae thrive off of nitrogen, causing excessive growth in what is known as " red tides" or "brown tides" in areas with high concentrations of nitrogen. The brown tide is caused by the rapid growth of billions of algae, which deplete water bodies of oxygen and cause the poison to accumulate in all life that consumes it, including fish and birds. But water pollution does not end there.

Year after year, millions of tons of garbage are dumped into the ocean. Since the garbage mainly consists of plastics, it is largely indissoluble. The garbage accumulates in large vortexes across the ocean.

Marine life, including the loggerhead sea turtles, are tricked into thinking they are eating food when really it is only a floating plastic bag or other poisonous plastic that will cause starvation or suffocation to any unfortunate animal that mistakenly ingests it.

8. Overfishing

Pollution is the number one threat to all aquatic life and is the lead cause of reduced biodiversity. This is really sad given that water and water life-forms are some of the most important natural resources at our disposal. But as mentioned above, overfishing is also damaging our oceans.

Fishing is not inherently bad for our ocean. But when not properly regulated, it can be detrimental to our oceans and people. O verfished stocks globally have tripled in half a century and today fully one-third of the world's assessed fisheries are currently pushed beyond their biological limits, says the WWF. Even more so billions of people rely on fish for protein.

9. Deforestation

Source: luoman/iStock

With an exponential expansion in human beings, more food, materials, and shelter are being manufactured at stupendous rates, mostly stemming from forestry.

Forests are cleared to make way for new humans, which in turn, makes more humans, you can see the problem. According to international data, an estimated 18 million acres of trees are clear-cut each year to make way for new development and wood products- that is just under half of all the trees on the planet since the industrial revolution began.

With trees being one of the largest producers of oxygen, clearly that is not a good thing for humans- and especially not for the animals that call the forest home.

With millions of different species that live in forests, deforestation is a major threat to their survival and a big conservation issue. It also increases greenhouse gases within the atmosphere which leads to further global warming. Such human activities need to stop if we wish to survive. Even more so, recent studies have attributed deforestation to the increase of wildfires in areas like Amazon. Wildfires are equally destructed even more so, displacing both people and entire species.

10. Acid Rain

When humans burn coal, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere where they rise up and accumulate in the clouds until the clouds become saturated and rain acid, causing havoc on the ground beneath.

When the rain falls, it accumulates in water bodies which are especially harmful to lakes and small bodies of water. The ground surrounding the water soaks up the acid, depleting the soil of essential nutrients. Trees that absorb the acid accumulate toxins that damage leaves and slowly kills large areas of forest.

Acid rain has also been known to completely eliminate entire species of fish, causing a snowball effect of damage to the ecosystem that relies on diverse organisms to sustain the environment.

11. Ozone Depletion

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The ozone layer is renowned for its ability to absorb harmful UV rays that would otherwise be detrimental to the health of all walks of life. Without an ozone layer, walking outside would be unbearable.

Ozone is made up of three bonded oxygens that float up to the stratosphere where they absorb a substantial amount of UV radiation, protecting all life down below. However "ozone-depleting substances" (or ODS) primarily made up of chlorine and bromine find their way up to the stratosphere where they strip the O3 of oxygen, destroying its capabilities of absorbing UV light.

The human impact is devastating for plants that are extremely sensitive to UV light including wheat and barley, two indispensable crops to humans.

Although most chemicals that deplete the ozone layer have been banned, the chemicals that have already been released can take upwards of 80 years to reach the upper atmosphere, so it will be some time before our protective boundary will be fully functional again. Until then, slap on that sunscreen and be safe out there.

To the Future

It is imperative that we support the earth that we live on, but no matter what, the earth will live on. Human impacts the natural habitat in so many ways and we need to be aware of our personal environmental input.

Whether we live with it or not solely depends on the decisions and actions we make next. Mother nature is an unrelenting, unforgiving force, so it is probably best if we treat her well, and maybe, just maybe we can make up for the damage that has already been dealt with.

The best time to act, was yesterday, the best we can do is today, but if we wait for tomorrow, it may just be too late. Society needs to help itself in order to survive.

For more about our environment, be sure to stop by here.

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11 Devastating Ways Humans Impact the Environment

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We as humans have become dependent on luxuries such as cars, houses, and even our cell phones. But what does our love for manufactured metallic and plastic goods do to the environment? Things like overconsumption, overfishing, deforestation are dramatically impacting our world.

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Human Impact

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Humans affect the environment in positive and negative ways.

Cutting down trees and littering have a negative effect on animals and plants.

Protecting endangered species and cleaning lakes and seas has a positive effect on the environment.

At home you can help the planet by recycling waste and growing plants or vegetables.

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How do human beings affect the environment?

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Humans affect the environment in positive and negative ways. Cutting down trees and littering have a negative effect on animals and plants. Protecting endangered species and cleaning lakes and seas has a positive effect on the environment. At home you can help the planet by recycling waste and growing plants or vegetables.

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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Survey Questions: Tips & Examples in 2022 - Qualtrics

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Writing survey questions is part art, part science. The wording you choose can make all the difference. ✓ Find out how to write the perfect survey today.

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Guide to UK nuclear power

Nuclear power is back at the top of the political agenda.

The UK relies on atomic energy for nearly 20% of its electricity. But all but one of its existing power stations are due to close by 2023.

No reactors have been built since the 1980s, as accidents, spiralling decommissioning costs and the problem of nuclear waste eroded enthusiasm.

But with soaring oil and gas prices, dwindling fossil fuel reserves and pressure to tackle climate change, the government has renewed its support for nuclear power.

It is backing a new generation of atomic power stations because it believes they provide the necessary security of supply while helping reduce carbon emissions.
Click through this guide to find out more about nuclear power in the UK.

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Visit BBC News for up-to-the-minute news, breaking news, video, audio and feature stories. BBC News provides trusted World and UK news as well as local and regional perspectives. Also entertainment, business, science, technology and health news.

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Greenpeace

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Some see nuclear power as an important 'tool in the box' to limit carbon emissions and stop climate change. It's more like a spanner in the works. Nuclear power is inadequate, unnecessary as well as dangerous. It's also a hugely expensive distraction from work to limit the impacts of climate change.
Can nuclear power stop climate change?

Much is made of nuclear power being essential for tacking climate change because it is CO2 free, but even at the most optimistic build rate, 10 new reactors by 2025, the UK's carbon emissions would be cut by just four per cent.

The UK has a binding target of a 34 per cent cut by 2020, meaning that new nuclear's ability to help meet our obligations is tiny.

We only have so much time and money to spend and must prioritise those technologies with the greatest potential to meet our energy needs and cut emissions.

Energy efficiency, renewable energy, and on a temporary basis, better use of natural gas like state of the art combined heat and power stations offer solutions on the scale and timeframe we need to cut emissions.

These options are challenging and require support and concerted government effort to deliver (just like nuclear power), but with that support this mix has the potential to deliver reliable low carbon energy quicker, cheaper and more effectively than nuclear electric.

We're campaigning for a low carbon economy that maximises energy efficiency and puts clean energy at its heart.

Can we keep the lights on without nuclear power?

Since it is likely that not a single new reactor will come into operation over the next decade, new nuclear power can make no obvious contribution to our electricity supply until years after any potential 'energy gap' would need to be dealt with.

Rather than concentrating on getting nuclear on-stream at some point after 2020, the government should be focussing on all the sensible alternatives that already exist and can close any energy gap, cut emissions and move us towards a clean energy future.

Large scale electricity generation could be met by developing many different cleaner alternatives, including combined heat and power (CHP), using fossil fuels more efficiently and cleanly, and renewable electricity generation such as wind, wave and tidal power.

If we focused on energy efficiency alone, the single most cost-effective way of making deep cuts to our greenhouse gas emissions, it would help the climate and deliver substantial economic savings at the same time.

Supporting the growth in industries that use the power of the wind, waves and sun will not only power our country but also create jobs, new businesses and help make Britain a world-leader in cutting edge 21st century technologies.

A major study by consultants McKinsey, scientists at Imperial College London and partners in the energy industry showed that it's entirely possible to have 80 per cent renewable power in Europe by 2050, at the same price and as reliable as energy today.

If we used all of these technologies, most of them already at our disposal, we would secure both the climate and our energy supply. All without the need for new nuclear.

Nuclear power as part of the mix?

The problem with including nuclear power as part of a diversified energy system is that it could undermine the solutions that can deliver energy and emissions cuts quicker and cheaper.

New nuclear will lock us into the same old inflexible, inefficient and outdated energy system we've had for years. Such a system, with nuclear at its heart, has almost no room for effective, cutting edge and flexible technologies like wind power and CHP.

New nuclear also means that the more cost effective, readily available alternatives above would be hindered because making nuclear a reality requires every ounce of financial, regulatory and political will on the part of the government.

Major utilities EDF and Eon have admitted that nuclear power and major new renewable energy developments cannot coexist. They say they would scale back renewable energy investment to accommodate nuclear.

Renewable energy and energy efficiency are booming in other countries. These technologies could be the cornerstone of a green economic recovery in the UK, secure our power and offer a springboard for greater emission reductions in future.

Even though we have an abundance of wind and waves and the engineering skill to deliver renewable energy expansion, we are falling well behind other countries, including China and the US, and are not reaping the benefits because this is not a focus or priority for the UK government. There is a danger that much of the economic benefits of renewable energy will go abroad whilst we continue to focus on fostering nuclear power.

And then there's the waste...

Nuclear waste is produced at every stage of the nuclear fuel cycle, from uranium mining and enrichment, to reactor operation and the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Much of this nuclear waste will remain hazardous for hundreds of thousands of years.

The current "solution" for dealing with highly radioactive nuclear waste involves burying it in deep underground sites. Whether the storage containers, the store itself, or the surrounding rocks will offer enough protection to stop radioactivity from escaping in the long-term is impossible to predict.

To give you an idea of the scale of the problem, if the people who build the pyramids had used them to store radioactive waste, today it'd only be 2% of the way through the time it would need to be stored securely. That's a major commitment that we'd be making on behalf of our children's children, and their children's children, and their...

And we already have huge amounts of radioactive waste in Britain that we have no idea how to deal with in the long-term. If ten new nuclear plants are built the waste they create would increase the overall radioactivity of this country's atomic legacy by three times.

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The problem with nuclear power | Greenpeace UK

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Nuclear power is risky, expensive and it could undermine better, more sustainable solutions that can deliver energy and emissions cuts quicker and cheaper.

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A bit tough

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The penguins of Boulders Beach, Simons Town, South Africa currently live in harmony with humans but despite this harmony the penguin populations is declining.

The penguins droppings, guano, makes a good fertiliser and the collection of it by humans was having a negative impact on the penguins and their nesting habits until regulations were brought in.

There is evidence that human activity is affecting climate change and in turn having an impact on the penguins food source.

Competition with humans and an oil spill in 2000 have also had a negative impact on the penguin population.

However since Boulders beach has become a nature reserve, it has boosted the local economy through tourism.

We can also have a positive effect on the environment by the actions we take and the way we live - no matter how small.

This clip is from the series Life Lessons.

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Science KS2 / KS3: Human impact on the environment

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The penguins of Boulders Beach, Simons Town, South Africa currently live in harmony with humans but despite this harmony the penguin populations is declining. The penguins droppings, guano, makes a good fertiliser and the collection of it by humans was having a negative impact on the penguins and their nesting habits until regulations were brought in.

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UNESCO

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Environmental-human impacts and changes | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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Final Report: International Conference of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves: Climate Change & Island and Coastal Ecosystems (2009) Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea; UNESCO Ofﬁce, Jakarta; in collaboration with MAB National Committee of the Republic of Korea, Korean National Commission for UNESCO

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Johns Hopkins - reference

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From the OU

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Using a questionnaire - Skills for OU Study - Open University

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An alternative to a self-completion questionnaire is a structured interview, where the questionnaire is administered in person or over the telephone. The advantage of using a questionnaire rather than an interview is that you can reach large numbers of people more easily, as you can leave them to fill in the questionnaire and send it back to you.

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U of St Andrews

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Online surveys and questionnaires | University of St Andrews

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University of St Andrews - Scotland's first University

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Study.com

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Humans Are Destructive

With over seven billion people on Earth, there's simply no way that humans can exist without impacting our surroundings. We have come a long way from our primitive ancestors, and with such evolutionary changes have come new tools and technologies, but also new ways in which we affect the ecosystems of Earth.

Everything we do, make, or use comes from nature in one way or another. We cut down trees so we can build houses of wood. We remove water from lakes and aquifers for drinking and cleaning. We extract oil, coal, and natural gas from deep underground to power our cars, cell phones, and computers. And we fulfill our dietary needs with both wild and farmed plants and animals.

The use of all these resources is not without consequence. We are very good at utilizing Earth's resources for our own benefit, sometimes too good in fact! Through various means we have altered, destroyed, and even reconstructed ecosystems and habitats all over the globe. And since everything on Earth is connected to everything else, the effects of our actions often go beyond what we initially see.

Global Climate Change

You have probably heard about climate change because this is a hot topic right now for environmentalists, politicians, business, and even homeowners. There is much scientific evidence showing that Earth's climate is changing at an unprecedented rate. Global temperatures are rising, storms are becoming more frequent and intense, the glaciers and polar ice caps are melting, and species extinction rates are on the rise.

While these are all natural processes, much of the change that we are currently observing is due to human activity. For example, emissions from cars, planes, and power plants put large amounts of greenhouse gases into the air. When present in the right amounts, greenhouse gases are beneficial because they trap heat under the atmosphere and keep Earth warm enough to sustain life.

However, in the past century, greenhouse gas emissions have risen to extraordinary levels in the atmosphere. The problem with this is that the current concentrations are far too high and are trapping too much heat on Earth. This leads to an overall increase in the temperature of the planet, which affects many other components of our global climate system. This creates issues for Earth's living organisms because each is adapted to a certain range of environmental conditions. Climate change isn't just temperature change - it involves precipitation, drought, atmospheric conditions, and more, and all of these affect the survival of plants and animals on Earth.

Habitat Loss

The human population continues to grow, but Earth can only hold so many people. There is a finite amount of available natural resources for our use and only so much land we can inhabit. But there are billions of other organisms that we need to share these resources and land with as well. We build new homes, cities, and roads to accommodate the growing number of people living on our planet, all of which require consumption of natural resources.

Unfortunately, this human alteration of habitats poses the single greatest threat to biodiversity on Earth. Farming, development, deforestation, mining, and environmental pollutants are extremely destructive to natural habitats. Roads are often built without consideration to wildlife, and they tend to break or fragment larger contiguous habitats into smaller disconnected ones.

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human impacts on the environment - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Human Impacts on the Environment - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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The human population continues to grow, but the size of Earth and the resources available for our use are limited. Humans greatly impact the world...

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Positive Human Impacts on the Environment

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Positive Human Impacts on the Environment

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Native Americans understood that what affects even the lowest creature on the totem pole of life, affects everyone, which is why they chose to live in harmony with nature, instead of against it. They never stayed in an area long enough to deplete the land and moved with the seasons to not use up all the resources in one location. But a modern human doesn't live that way and has come up with other methods to positively affect and protect ecosystems in threat of extinction.

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

Ways in which people positively affect ecosystems around the world include:

Recycling

Establishing wildlife preserves and parks

Creating green, open space laws

Doing reforestation

Creating environmental regulations

Ecosystems are biological communities and exist all around the globe. They serve as small, interconnected worlds that host multiple forms of plant and animal life. Nature recycles everything: Dead plant and animal matter return to the soil to once again produce more trees and plants. Taking a cue from nature, many people understand that recycling offers a positive contribution to the ecosystems of the world by reusing or remaking old products into new ones without having to take resources from nature.

Wildlife preserves and national parks protect scores of ecosystems around the world. Within these zones, animals and plant life thrive under laws that keep them from harm. People, with the help of governments, established these zones to protect specific ecosystems containing threatened plant and animal life.

In the last few decades, many state and local communities created laws that require developers who build homes and commercial buildings to set aside green, open spaces of land to protect them from development. This includes bridges over highways and freeways that allow deer and other creatures to migrate across the developed area without threat of death-by-vehicle. These protected areas represent positive contributions to ecosystems.

While Richard Nixon was president, he established the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 because of the threats to the environment. Environmental laws and management programs have a positive effect on the world's ecosystem when enforced. These laws are in place to keep companies from destroying ecosystems by preventing them from dumping industrial contaminants on the ground, into rivers or streams or other waterways. Environmental laws in some parts of the country also require lumber companies to replant clear-cut forest areas with new plantings. Called reforestation, lumber companies operating in the state of Oregon and others, must replant the area clear cut of trees with new tree growth to replenish the ecosystem within a specific period, generally up to three years after originally clearing the land.

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Positive Effects of Humans on the Ecosystem

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Native Americans understood that what affects even the lowest creature on the totem pole of life, affects everyone, which is why they chose to live in harmony with nature, instead of against it. They never stayed in an area long enough to deplete the land and moved with the seasons to not use up all the resources in one location.

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Introduction

This Module is about the context and background to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Ethiopia. The WASH sector is concerned with provision of safe water, the separation and management of wastes, and promotion of hygienic practices to improve people's health and well-being. To understand the context of the WASH sector you need to understand the nature of the interactions between us as human beings and our environment.

Humans need to interact with the environment to obtain our food, water, fuel, medicines, building materials and many other things. Advances in science and technology have helped us to exploit the environment for our benefit, but we have also introduced pollution and caused environmental damage. The impact of environmental problems on humans is significant, affecting all human activities, including health and socio-economic development. In this study session you will learn about the relationships between humans and the environment, and the ways in which we use environmental resources. This study session introduces you to many of the topics that are further developed later in the Module.

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 1

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

1.1 Define and use correctly all of the key words printed in bold. (SAQs 1.1 and 1.3)

1.2 Describe the relationships between human activities and the environment and explain the importance of creating a better environment. (SAQ 1.2)

1.3 Describe the ways in which humans use natural resources and give examples of problems caused by over-exploitation. (SAQ 1.3)

1.4 Give examples of positive and negative ways in which technology affects the environment. (SAQ 1.4)

1.1 Relationships between human activity and the environment

Our environment means our physical surroundings and the characteristics of the place in which we live. It also refers to the wider natural world of land, sea and atmosphere. Humans have been interacting with their environment since people first walked the Earth. For example, humans have been cutting down forests to clear land to grow crops for centuries and by doing so we have altered the environment. Conversely, the environment affects us in many different ways as well. A simple example is the way we change our clothes in response to cold or hot weather. In this section we will introduce some of the ways in which humans influence their environment and how the environment influences us, both positively and negatively.

A good climate, accessible clean water, fertile soil, etc. are aspects of the physical environment that enable people to live and thrive. However, harsh environments, such as a very hot climate, limited water and infertile land, make it more difficult for people to survive. We are also affected by major environmental events such as earthquakes, floods and drought that damage homes, property and agriculture. These can lead to the displacement of people and can cause injury, loss of life and destruction of livelihoods. They can also damage water sources and pipelines, causing water contamination and spreading waterborne diseases. In Study Session 10 you will learn more about the effects of floods and droughts.

Our relationship with the environment changed with industrialisation, which began in the 18th century in the UK, shortly followed by elsewhere in Europe and North America, and then spreading across the world. Prior to industrialisation, the impacts of human activity were not very significant because the technologies used were not capable of modifying the environment on a large scale. People at that time lived in agricultural societies using hand tools and simple technologies with limited environmental impact (Figure 1.1). Industrialisation has allowed for a greater exploitation of resources. For example, we now use powerful chainsaws to cut down trees and industrially produced chemical fertilisers and pesticides for crop production. These changes have rapidly increased the human impact on the environment.

The links between human activity and the environment are complex and varied, but can be grouped into two main types of activity:

use of natural resources such as land, food, water, soils, minerals, plants and animals

production of wastes from a range of activities including agriculture, industry and mining, as well as wastes from our own bodies.

These are described in the following sections.

1.2 Use of natural resources

We use many different types of natural resources in our daily lives. We depend on food and water for survival and we need energy for many different purposes, from domestic cooking through to major industrial processes. Our clothes, transport, buildings, tools and all other items we use require many different resources for their production. Let's take a simple example. Think about the resources that have been used to produce a notebook of the type you may be using right now as you study this Module. Manufacturing the paper needed raw materials of wood and water as well as energy for the production process. The trees that supplied the wood required soil, water and land to grow on. There may be ink or metal staples or other components in your notebook that were made from other types of resources. Our need for resources is vast and it is growing as the population increases and consumption per person increases with socio-economic progress. Depletion of natural resources by extraction and exploitation is especially of concern for non-renewable resources (see Box 1.1).

Box 1.1 Renewable and non-renewable resources

Globally, both population and resource extraction increased by almost 50% in the 25 years from 1980 to 2005 (SERI et al., 2009). Over that time, the world population increased from 4.44 billion in 1980 to 6.49 billion. Figure 1.2 shows how the extraction of natural resources increased between 1980 and 2005 from 40 billion tonnes to 58 billion tonnes. The graph shows the extraction of four types of natural resource: fossil fuels, biomass, metals and minerals. Biomass means biological material derived from living organisms such as crops, livestock, fish, wood, etc. Metals are used in the manufacture of a wide range of goods - from cars to computers. Minerals are used in industrial processes and in construction to build our houses and roads. Both metals and minerals are obtained from rocks that have been mined and are then processed in various ways to extract the valuable resource.

Advances in technology have increased natural resource exploitation by enabling people to reach new resources and to exploit more resources per capita (per person). For example, fishermen who use traditional technologies such as small boats are limited in the number of fish they can catch. Modern industrial fishing fleets use very large ships that cover huge areas of ocean at greater depths to catch many more fish. This can lead to overfishing, which means catching fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce.

Overfishing and other examples of over-exploitation of natural resources can result in damage to or the loss of entire ecosystems.An ecosystem includes all the living organisms (humans, plants, animals, micro-organisms) and their physical environment (soil, water, air, land) and the interactions between them. If one component of the system is removed, this can have knock-on effects on the other parts of the system.

1.2.1 Deforestation

One particular problem caused by over-exploitation of natural resources is deforestation, which occurs when forest areas are cleared and the trees are not replanted or allowed to regrow. In Ethiopia, clearing land for agriculture to meet the food needs of the growing population and the demand for fuel and construction materials has resulted in a steady loss of forest area, which is still continuing as you can see from Figure 1.3.

The loss of forest has several undesirable consequences. Forests are home to many different types of trees, as well as other plants, and a wide range of animals from insects to birds and mammals. The conversion of forests to agriculture greatly reduces biodiversity, which is a measure of the variety of living organisms (all life forms). Biodiversity is important for humans because we use other living organisms to provide several essentials:

Food: we use plants and animals such as fish, goats, wheat, rice and maize as sources of food.

Medicines: many traditional medicines are made from plants and animals and new medicines are developed from them.

Ecological services: living organisms, especially plants and micro-organisms, play an important role in processes that maintain our lives and environment such as providing oxygen, cleaning the air, purifying water, breaking down wastes and controlling erosion.

Deforestation is a significant contributory cause of soil erosion. Once the trees and undergrowth are removed, the underlying ground is exposed. Without the intercepting effect of the vegetation and the tree roots binding the soil together, the soil is more likely to be washed away when it rains. Loss of forests also has a significant impact on water supply. Tree roots reach deep into the soil and create spaces between the particles which increases soil permeability, allowing rainwater to soak in and replenish groundwater. ( Permeability means the ease with which water moves through soil or rock.)

1.2.2 Energy resources

The use of renewable or non-renewable resources is a critical factor when considering energy resources. Fossil fuels have been the main energy source for global industrialisation, but because they are non-renewable, the quantity is ultimately limited and their use is not sustainable over the long term. Furthermore, burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of climate change. (Climate change is discussed fully in later study sessions.) There are several renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. Wood used as a fuel is renewable in the sense that trees will regrow but there are other disadvantages such as deforestation, as you have read. In Ethiopia, windfarms are harnessing wind power to generate electricity (Figure 1.4) but the most important source of renewable energy in Ethiopia is water. Ethiopia already has several hydropower stations and more are planned, including the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, currently under construction. Hydroelectric power is renewable because it makes use of the energy of flowing water but does not use up the water in the process. Another renewable energy source is solar power, using photovoltaic cells that convert the sun's energy into electricity.

1.2.3 Water resources

You may have noticed that the four categories of resources shown in Figure 1.2 do not include water, and yet this is one of our most vital resources and is obviously central to the WASH sector. The direct use of water by people falls into three main categories:

domestic uses, including drinking, washing and cooking

agricultural uses, principally irrigation

industrial uses, in manufacturing processes and for energy generation.

The relative proportions of these three categories vary in different parts of the world, but globally the sector using the most water is agriculture (FAO, 2012) (Figure 1.5).

As well as direct use of water for human activities, water is also essential for the environment and to maintain biodiversity. Rivers, lakes and wetlands are important habitats for wildlife and need a minimum amount of water at all times. This becomes a problem when the demand for water for human activities exceeds the supply.

Water is not an endlessly renewable resource. In many parts of the world water demand is significantly above sustainable water supply. Sustainable water supply means there are adequate supplies, in both quality and quantity, to meet the current and future needs of people and of the environment.

Many countries are already experiencing water stress or scarcity. These terms refer to the volume of water available relative to the use and demand for it, which is linked to the population served. Figure 1.6 shows the availability of freshwater across the world. Countries which have less than 1700 m ³ of water per person per year for all purposes are defined as water stressed (United Nations, 2014). Water scarce countries have been defined as those with less than 1000 m ³ of water per person per year. These precise figures should be used with caution, however, because they do not recognise variations between countries and they hide the underlying causes of water scarcity.

Increasing water demand leads to unsustainable use of water resources. By the actions of the water cycle (which you will learn about in Study Session 4) water supply is replenished, but taking excessive amounts of water from rivers and groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use decreases the amount of water available for current and future generations. Globally, water withdrawals have tripled over the last 50 years due to population growth and to increased consumption per person. Many areas with plentiful supplies can sustain this use, but in some countries the future may bring water shortages unless demand is managed.

In practice, for Ethiopia, the problem of water supply is not so much about the volume of water that is available. The problem is the infrastructure and investment required in delivering adequate quantities of safe water to all the people wherever they live. The availability of water and access to a safe supply varies considerably throughout the country and between rural and urban populations.

Case Study 1.1 illustrates the problems that can arise from excessive water use.

Case Study 1.1 Effects of water use on Lake Alemaya

1.3 Production of waste and pollutants

Following on from our use of natural resources, it is inevitable that wastes are produced. For the WASH sector, the most important of these is our own bodily wastes. The impacts of open defecation and inadequate sanitation on human health and on the wider environment are profound. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogens (disease-causing agents) in water and food that have been contaminated by the wastes from infected people. Preventing this connection between human wastes and the intake of contaminated water is the primary goal of WASH services.

Industry, agriculture and energy production all generate wastes that can pollute air, water and soil. Pollution means the introduction into the environment of substances liable to cause harm to humans and other living organisms. For example, the leather industry produces large amounts of liquid wastes from the tanning process. These wastes contain organic materials such as fat from the hides and toxic (poisonous) chemicals including some human carcinogens (cancer-causing agents). Another example is the release of so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which contribute to human-induced climate change. (Pollutants and pollution are the topics of Study Sessions 7 and 8 and climate change is described in more detail in Study Session 9.)

Figure 1.8 summarises the interactions between 'human activities' and 'the environment'. The green arrow indicates the waste generated as a product of this interaction. The red arrows indicate thenegative effect on both the environment and humans if the waste is not properly managed.

1.4 Technology and the environment

Technologies have transformed transport, industry, communications and our lives at home and work. For instance, gadgets such as mobile phones, computers, televisions, microwave ovens and refrigerators have improved living standards for those people who can afford them. Technology can also improve the quality of our environment. For example, energy can be generated from renewable sources such as wind and solar power, which reduces our reliance on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels, and also helps to reduce the release of polluting gases to the atmosphere.

Another example of the benefits from technology is the highly advanced eco-friendly wastewater treatment plant at the St. George Brewery in Addis Ababa. This plant recovers nutrients and waste water from the brewery that would otherwise be released into the environment. This type of technology can help to alleviate the problem of water shortage, prevent surface water pollution and protect the environment.

Although technology has many positive impacts on people and the environment, it also has negative impacts, including the production of toxic waste from technological processes and electronic gadgets that are thrown away when they reach the end of their useful lives, as illustrated in Case Study 1.2.

Case Study 1.2 E-waste in Ethiopia

1.5 Agriculture and environment

Agriculture is very important in Ethiopia to provide essential food crops and as a source of income, contributing about 46% of our country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). About 80% of the labour force in Ethiopia is in the agricultural sector, so it is vital to the livelihoods of the majority of people. However, agriculture also has significant negative impacts on our environment, including loss of biodiversity, pollution, climate change, soil erosion and the use of large amounts of water for irrigation.

Agricultural activities are also major sources of water pollution. Pesticides and fertilisers applied to crops may wash into rivers and leach into soil and groundwater. (These effects are discussed in Study Session 8.)

Poor farming practices, especially on steeply sloping land, are a significant cause of soil erosion in Ethiopia because rainfall washes away the soil particles downhill. Each year more than 1.5 billion tons of soil are lost from the Ethiopian highlands (Tamene and Vlek, 2008). This lost soil is not only a problem for agriculture, it silts up rivers and lakes. Soil erosion and loss of soil biodiversity causes a decline in soil fertility and this in turn reduces agricultural productivity. Good agricultural practices, such as the use of terraces and diversion ditches, can help stop soil being lost from hillsides (Figure 1.11).

Agriculture also plays a role in causing climate change through the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. For example, fertilisers added to the soil release nitrous oxide and livestock production releases methane from the digestion process in cattle and the decomposition of manure. The use of fossil fuels to power agricultural machines and burning trees to clear agricultural land both release carbon dioxide. In Study Session 9 you will learn more about climate change and the role of greenhouse gases in changing our climate.

1.6 How we can protect and restore our environment

We end this study session with a positive message. Humans not only affect the environment negatively - we can also contribute positively to sustaining it. When we install wastewater treatment plants, protect endangered species and replant forests, we have a positive impact on our environment. Since 2000, huge efforts have been made in Ethiopia to increase the forest coverage through government and NGO reforestation programmes. More than 700 million trees were planted in 2007 alone (AFP, 2010). Figure 1.12 shows people in Konso, Ethiopia, planting trees to celebrate World Environment Day 2012.In some parts of the country where the reforestation programme has been implemented effectively, the community has already started to benefit from environmental improvements, through effects such as creating more spring water, a higher water table, and less soil erosion and flooding (Rinaudo, 2010).

Summary of Study Session 1

In Study Session 1, you have learned that:

1. Humans and the environment have been interacting since humans first walked the Earth. Humans change their environment both positively and negatively and the environment affects how humans live in many different ways.

2. The main interactions between humans and our environment can be grouped into the use of resources and the production of wastes.

3. Resources can be classified as renewable (e.g. water) or non-renewable (e.g. fossil fuels).

4. Humans are extracting increasing quantities of natural resources from the Earth which is causing problems of over-exploitation, for example through overfishing and deforestation.

5. Water is used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. Some countries are classed as 'water stressed' or 'water scarce' because available supply does not meet demand.

6. Human activities produce many different types of waste which can pollute the environment. One example is e-waste from discarded electronic gadgets such as mobile phones contain many toxic substances that can pollute groundwater, soil and air unless their disposal is well-managed.

7. Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Ethiopia and has a significant impact on the use of resources, especially water and soil. It also contributes to climate change through the release of greenhouse gases (e.g. methane from cattle) into the atmosphere.

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 1

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering these questions.

SAQ 1.1 (tests Learning Outcome 1.1)

SAQ 1.2 (tests Learning Outcome 1.2)

SAQ 1.3 (tests Learning Outcomes 1.1 and 1.3)

SAQ 1.4 (tests Learning Outcome 1.4)

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study session 1  human interactions with the environment: view as single page

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Study Session 1 Human Interactions with the Environment

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This Module is about the context and background to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Ethiopia. The WASH sector is concerned with provision of safe water, the separation and management of wastes, and promotion of hygienic practices to improve people's health and well-being.

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For surveys, where personal identifiers such as people's names are not collected or are easily removed from the data file, written consent is often not gathered.

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What needs to go in the ethics statement?

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You are here " Home " Writing your proposal " What needs to go in the ethics statement?

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Environmental Issues Survey Template - Zoho Survey

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The environmental issues survey template helps you create surveys on environmental issues by understanding the respondents' concerns.

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Lesson plan Wk 1

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Course overview

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