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Equimolar amounts of each enantiomer in a mixture will form a racemic mixture.

These mixtures are sometimes also called racemates.

The (+) and (-) rotations of the polarised light will cancel eachother out.

Therefore a racemic mixture is not optically active.

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Enantiomers rotate the plane of polarised light that shines on to them:

The positive (+) isomer rotated the plane of polarisation clockwise

The negative (-) isomer rotates the plane of polarisation anticlockwise

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Non-superimposable mirror image forms of each other that rotate the plane of polarised light in opposite directions.

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A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups.

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1) Side angle
2) End Angle

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Bromine is the higher priority group because it has a higher atomic number.
The bromine is on THE SAME SIDE of the double bond.

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Bromine is the higher priority group because it has a higher atomic number
The bromine is on EITHER SIDE of the double bond.

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To have E-Z isomerism

a and b must be different

c and d must be different

(Needs 2 different groups)

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Isomers that have the same molecular formula and the same structural formula, but have a different effect upon plane polarised light.
The isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

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E-Z Isomerism

Optical Isomerism

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Occurs when the isomers have the same shortened formula but have a different arrangement of atoms in space.

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Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (arrangement of atoms)