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What was the law?
Rome's greatest influence was the field law. Roman laws continues to exist in the kingdom followed. Civil Law was a legal system based on a written code of laws.

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What were the Literature and Languages?
Rome was greatly known for it's amazing artists and authors. one was Virgil, who wrote a great epic about the founding of Rome, the Aeneid. Another was Ovid, who wrote about the founding of Rome mythology. Along with epics and art, Rome had several various languages. Romance Languages, which included Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and a lot more.

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Romans were very interested in art, they admired beauty. So they made lots of art and architecture. New engineering techniques resulted in vaults filled with goods. Romans were known for their beautiful mosaics, art, architectures, sculptures, structures, and statues. A fresco was a painting done on plaster.

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What was Science and Engineering?
Roman doctors studied the work of the Greeks. They built their way up to study more and more. They had Aqueducts, which was a raised channel used to carry water from mountains to cities.

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Romance Languages can be an example of theme 2, because to live in Rome, you have to adapt to it's languages and literatures.

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History does NOT repeat itself. It rhymes.

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History does NOT repeat itself. It rhymes.

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Rome in the 70s BC was dangerous. Politicians and generals went to war. This is an example of theme 1 as many different countries have been in war.

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Power over thoughts equals power over actions.

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Power over thoughts equals power over actions.

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An example of theme 4 could be how because Cicero gave a speech, and some people agreed with him, and started looking up to him.

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The 'body' cannot survive without the 'head'.

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The 'body' cannot survive without the 'head'.

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An example of theme 3 could be; Julius Caesar controlling the empire because he was the most powerful general, and he had the power to control the empire.

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What was the End of the Republic?
After Julius Caesar died, two great leaders emerged to take control of Rome. One of them was Marc Antony, a former assistant of Caesar. The other was Octavian, Caesar's adopted son.

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What were Rome's Accomplishments?
The Romans made lasting achievements in science, engineering, architecture, and art. In addition, Rome's literary tradition and legal system remain influential today.

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What was the Disorder in the Republic?
In the 70s BC, Rome was a dangerous place. Politicians and generals went to war as political order broke down. More and more people kept flooding into Rome.

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Who was Octavian becomes Emperor?
After the battle in 42 BC, Antony married Octavian's sister, Octavia. However, 8 years later, he divorced her to marry Cleopatra. Octavian saw that as an insult. Antony's behavior led to a civil war. Antony fled back to Egypt with Cleopatra when Octavian attacked his fleet.

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What were the Calls for Change?
Many Romans tried to stop Rome's government chaos. One of these people were Cicero, a philosopher and gifted orator. He gave speeches about how to stop the chaos, like balance power between generals. Many generals were trying to take over the government. The most powerful one of these generals was Julius Caesar.

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What was Caesar's Rise to Power?
Julius Caesar was a great general. People admired him for his bravery and skill. His soldiers respected him for treating them well. Between 58-50 BC, he conquered almost all of Gaul. Caesar also gave great speeches in the Roman forum. He had two friends, Pompey and Crassus. Together, the three used their influence to rule Rome.

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Who were Antony and Octavian?
Firstly, they both punished the senators who killed Caesar, they were forced to flee their life. Many people loved Caesar, and riots broke out after he died. At his funeral, Antony delivered a famous speech that turned even more Romans against the killers. Later, Octavian set out to avenge Caesar's death. Their army caught up to the killers of Philippi. In the battle, the last of the murderers just killed themselves.

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What were the Challenges to Caesar?
The friendship of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus lasted about 10 years. Caesar became so popular that his friends were jealous of him. Pompey's senators ordered Caesar to give up command on his soldiers because they wanted Pompey to rule Rome. Of course, he refused. Pompey fled Italy to run from Caesar, while he chased Pompey. One year later, Pompey was killed by an Egyptian king. Caesar returned to Rome and gained dictatorship. So, on March 15, 44 BC, a group of senators stabbed Caesar to death.

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Many other leaders wanted to control Rome. Roman conquests promoted trade. People needed raw materials. Traders bought metals, cloth, and food from the provinces to the city. They also bought more exotic goods, like spices and silk from Asia and animals from Africa. In return, Romans sent goods made by Artisans to the provinces. They included jewelry, glass, and clothing. To pay for their trade goods, Romans used currency or money. The first 200 years of the Roman Empire was a time of general peace and prosperity. Pax Romana was what it was called. It lasted until the AD 180s. In the 100s BC, only people living in Italy could be Roman citizens.

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A philosopher and gifted orator, or public speaker.
SPICE: Cultural, Education

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Also an assistant of Julius Caesar. Augustus was his adopted son, too.
SPICE: Social, Family / Kinship

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Roman peace,

Which had only lasted until the AD 180s.

SPICE: Interaction with Environment, Settlement Patterns

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The most powerful general who wanted to take over the government.
SPICE: Political, Leadership

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Languages the Roman people spoke. It included Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.
SPICE: Cultural, Languages

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A raised channel that was used to carry water from mountains into cities.
SPICE: Economic, Wealth Distributions

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A legal system based on a written code of laws.

SPICE: Legal / Court Systems

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One of Julius Caesar's former assistants.
SPICE: Political: Legal / Court Systems

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An influential man who was allied with Julius Caesar to take over the government.
SPICE: Political, Leadership