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There are many coping strategies that an individual can use in situations in which they have no control. some of the coping strategies are unhealthy ways to deal with uncontrollable situations.

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Research and evidence provide us with not only information but also develop appropriate interventions which can be beneficial to an individual as well as have better outcomes when treating any condition.

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According to Science Direct (2011), therapeutic relationship is “an interactive relationship with a patient and family that is caring, clear, boundaried, positive, and professional”.

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Research and evidence-based practice based on psychological theories has changed the way health and social care practice works by providing a strong foundation.

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Awareness has been increased between health and social care professionals as well as services users due to the fact that individuals are more educated about how the mind impacts and affects the body.

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Understanding and interpreting of behaviour significantly have changed due to new research over the years, this allows us to treat and care for individuals better for instance:

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Humanistic researchers Maslow and Rogers expanded on this to propose person-centered counselling, which says that people can achieve self-actualization if given the correct circumstances. The therapist must be consistent, empathic, and provide unconditional positive respect in order to achieve self-actualization.

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According to Alina homecare (2020) “Person-centred care is the term used to describe care which puts the recipient at the heart of the service provided to them”. This suggests that a person is placed in the centre of service where the person is involved and is treated with dignity and respect while all their needs and preferences are being met.

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Therapeutic relationships developed from psychodynamic theory and the establishment of psychoanalysis is a common form of psychotherapy that can help people who are having long-term problems with how they feel and think about themselves, the world, and the people around them. The therapy assists in the venting or release of a person's suppressed emotion. This is the initial stage in assisting people in recovering from mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression (Allarakha,2021).

The goal of this therapy is to get insight into one's unconscious mind in order to detect developmental disorders, psychological concerns, or underlying disorders that may be causing depression and anxiety or other issues

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Understanding how the mind may affect the body from a biological perspective is beneficial.

For instance, the general adaptation syndrome refers to the physiological changes that occur as the body responds to stress. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome theory is used to better understand autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis, and gluten intolerance, in which the body's own defence mechanism begins to attack healthy cells.

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The person-centred practice came as a result of Maslow and Rogers' humanistic theories. This theory demonstrated how external factors can affect an individual. This concept has significantly influenced the way healthcare professionals care for individuals. Recognizing that person's health is affected by whether or not they have a safe place to sleep and enough food pushed health and social care approaches closer together (Wyatt et al, 2017).

For example, instead of being discharged back into an abusive household, an individual will be directed to the social worker and for referral to a shelter while still in the hospital. This establishes that individual will be treated with dignity and respect.

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Cognitive theory assisted health and social care professionals in understanding information processing conditions that affect cognitive development such as autism and dementia. Individuals’ actions with these conditions may occur as inappropriate or appear wrong to other people.

For example, a person with dementia can have rapid mood swings, it is difficult to make appropriate decisions for them, they may become confused or withdrawn, some people can become more outgoing than before, they can forget certain steps while preparing something (better health, 2014). Understanding behaviours of any condition allows health and social care professionals to treat the patient properly and effectively.

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Maladaptive behaviours prevent you from adapting to new or challenging situations. They can begin as a result of a significant life change, illness, or traumatic experience. It could also be a habit you developed as a child. You can recognise and replace ineffective behaviours with more productive ones. They can cause emotional, social, and health issues if not addressed (Healthline, 2020).

For example, overeating or undereating, or relying on alcohol or drugs to get by these strategies are unhealthy.

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The Human Genome Project, help to identify genes linked to cystic fibrosis. This has enabled for more study into developing medications or strategies to treat and manage cystic fibrosis patients. Similarly, investigations are also underway to see if laser treatment and light therapy may be used to treat some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors. Biological theory also helped to found out that dementia is becoming more prevalent in older people and is biologically based disorder (Wyatt et al, 2017).

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There is a greater understanding of factors affecting health, and many individuals no longer rely solely on health and social care professionals for information. Instead, individuals conduct internet research and arrive at the medical or social service with a better understanding of their own conditions and circumstances.

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The social learning theory helped us understand how individuals learn in a social setting. This theory can help health and social care professionals identify or treat the “identifiable cause of certain behaviours” (social work licence map, 2021).

For example, Albert Bandura used the Bobo doll as an experiment to show how children learn in social settings. The children were exposed to two contrasting adult models, one aggressive and the other non-aggressive. Following their observation of the adult's behaviour, the children were placed in a room without the model and observed to determine if they would repeat the actions they had seen previously. The experiment's findings backed up Bandura's social learning hypothesis. The experiment, according to Bandura and his colleagues, reveals how certain behaviours may be taught through observation and imitation, therefore, showing that social setting does have an impact on behaviour.

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This helped us understand how important it is for a mother and her baby to have skin-to-skin contact during the first hour. Skin-to-skin contact is even more important when dealing with premature or sick infants, according to research, because it stimulates growth and neurodevelopment. Bowlby and Robertson's research of a two-year-old with PDD behaviour in the hospital resulted in shorter stays for the children and more frequent parent visits (Wyatt et al, 2017).

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Appropriate interventions were then implemented. Instead of using shock treatments like electroconvulsive therapy to treat anxiety and depression, talking therapies were established and they help to treat or manage numerous conditions and problems for instance depression.

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Individuals might use coping strategies to deal with stress. They may concentrate on managing emotions, such as minimising anxiety or worry, rather than addressing the source of stress, these attempts to reduce emotional responses are important.

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The behaviourist theory, which was established as a result of Pavlov's and later Skinner's study. It helped us to improve our understanding of why some people act the way they do.

For example, the understanding of reinforcement led to the development of behaviour modification programmes for young offenders as well as strategies for dealing with children's behaviour.

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Kelly’s personal construct theory and Gestalt theraphy

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Kelly’s personal construct theory and Gestalt theraphy

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Kelly's personal construct theory and Gestalt therapy help individuals to gain insight into their thoughts and behaviour.  Cognitive behavioural therapy is one method that has been found to be more effective than medicine in helping people manage their stress. The combination of cognitive and behaviourist ideas resulted in the creation of cognitive behavioural therapy, a well-known therapy for people with eating disorders, drug issues, alcohol problems, depression, or marital problems (Wyatt et al, 2017).