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Self Discipline Mindset Why Self Discipline Is Lacking in Most and How to Unleash It Now (Curtis Leone) (z-lib.org)

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The Psychology of Money Timeless lessons on wealth, greed, and happiness (Morgan Housel) (z-lib.org)

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How to Talk to Anyone 92 Little Tricks for Big Success in Relationships (Leil Lowndes) (z-lib.org)

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The Power of Habit Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business (Charles Duhigg) (z-lib.org)

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ATOMIC HABITS AN EASY PROVEN WAY TO BUILD GOOD HABITS 

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ATOMIC HABITS AN EASY PROVEN WAY TO BUILD GOOD HABITS 

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Atomic Habits An Easy  Proven Way to Build Good Habits  Break Bad Ones (James Clear) (z-lib.org)

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Diary of a Wimpy Kid Dog Days by Jeff Kinney (z-lib.org)

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Dictionary

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\ ˌpē-(ˌ)dē-ˈef \

also : a computer file format for the transmission of a multimedia document that is not intended to be edited further and appears unaltered in most computer environments : a document that uses this format

Challenging Vocabulary Quiz Returns!

Which is a synonym of fuliginous?

Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way.

TAKE THE QUIZ

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ˌpē-(ˌ)dē-ˈef \ also : a computer file format for the transmission of a multimedia document that is not intended to be edited further and appears unaltered in most computer environments : a document that uses this format Challenging Vocabulary Quiz Returns! Which is a synonym of fuliginous?

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A Dictionary of Science, Sixth Edition (Oxford Paperback Reference) ( PDFDrive )

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Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution ( PDFDrive )

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Cambridge Dictionary: Find Definitions, Meanings & Translations

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The most popular dictionary and thesaurus for learners of English. Definitions and meanings of words with pronunciations and translations.

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Macmillan Dictionary | Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus

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The Free Online English Dictionary from Macmillan Education. Definitions, meanings, synonyms, pronunciations, games, sound effects, high-quality images, idioms and metaphors, resources for teachers and students

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Science Dictionary

Welcome to the Online Science Dictionary. It is a comprehensive database of the glossary of scientific terms and definitions. For your convenience the terms are sorted alphabetically. The purpose of The Science Dictionary is to create a searchable database containing meaning and definition of different scientific terms and concepts into one large database. The Online Science Dictionary is aiming towards creating a brief scientific encyclopedia of scientific terms.

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Science Dictionary Welcome to the Online Science Dictionary. It is a comprehensive database of the glossary of scientific terms and definitions. For your convenience the terms are sorted alphabetically. The purpose of The Science Dictionary is to create a searchable database containing meaning and definition of different scientific terms and concepts into one large database.

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C - Cadmium to Current

cadmium - Cadmium is the name for the element with atomic number 48 and is represented by the symbol Cd. It is a member of the transition metals group.

caffeine - Caffeine is a chemical substance naturally found in tea and coffee and added to colas.

calcium - Calcium is the name for the element with atomic number 20 and is represented by the symbol Ca. It is a member of the alkaline earth metal group.

calorie - unit of thermal energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C or K at standard pressure.

calorimeter - instrument designed to measure heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change.

capillary action - the spontaneous floe of liquid into a narrow tube or porous material.

carbon - Carbon is the name for the element with atomic number 6 and is represented by the symbol C. It is a member of the nonmetal group.

carbonate - an ion consisting of one carbon bonded to three oxygen atoms (CO ₃ ²⁻) or a compound containing this ion.

carbonyl - functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to oxygen, C=O.

carboxyl group - functional group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl (-COOH).

catalyst - substance that increases the chemical reaction rate by decreasing its activation energy.

catenation - binding of an element to itself via covalent bonds, forming a chain or ring

cathode - electrode where reduction occurs; usually the negative electrode.

cathode ray tube - a vacuum tube with a source of electrons, a fluorescent screen, and means of accelerating and deflecting the electron beam.

cation - ion with a positive electrical charge.

Celsius temperature scale - temperature scale where 0°C and 100°C are defined as the freezing and boiling points of water, respectively.

cerium - rare earth metal with element symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

cesium - Cesium is the name for the element with atomic number 55 and is represented by the symbol Cs. It is a member of the alkali metal group.

cetane number (CN) - value that describes the combustion quality of diesel fuel, based on the delay between injection and ignition.

chain reaction - set of chemical reactions in which products become reactants of another reaction.

charge - an electrical charge, a conserved property of subatomic particles determining their electromagnetic interaction.

Charles's law - ideal gas law that states the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature, assuming constant pressure.

chelate - organic compound formed by bonding a polydentate ligand to a central metal atom, or the act of forming such a compound.

chemical - any matter or substance that has mass.

chemical change - process by which one or more substances are altered to form new substances.

chemical energy - energy contained in the internal structure of an atom or molecule.

chemical equation - description of a chemical reaction, including the reactants, products, and direction of the reaction.

chemical equilibrium - state of a chemical reaction where the concentration of the reactants and products remains stable over time.

chemical formula - expression which states the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

chemical kinetics - the study of chemical processes and rates of reactions.

chemical property - characteristic which may be observed when matter undergoes a chemical change.

chemical reaction - a chemical change in which reactants form one or more new products.

chemical symbol - one- or two-letter representation of a chemical element (e.g., H, Al).

chemiluminescence - light emitted as a result of a chemical reaction

chemistry - study of matter and energy and the interactions between them

Cherenkov radiation - Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle moves through a dielectric medium faster than the velocity of light in the medium.

chiral center - the atom in a molecule bonded to four chemical species, allowing optical isomerism.

chirality - Chirality or chiral describes a nonsuperimposable mirror image, like left and right hands. Usually in chemistry the term is used to describe a pair of molecules that have the same formulas, but form a pair of structures.

chlorine - halogen with atomic number 17 and element symbol Cl.

chlorofluorocarbon - A chlorofluorocarbon or CFC is a compound that contains atoms of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon.

chromatography - group of techniques used to separate mixture components by passing the mixture through a stationary phase.

chromium - Chromium is the name for the element with atomic number 24 and is represented by the symbol Cr. It is a member of the transition metals group.

closed system - thermodynamic system in which mass is conserved within the system, but energy can freely enter or exit.

coagulation - the gelling or clumping of particles, usually in a colloid.

cobalt - transition metal that is atomic number 27 with element symbol Co.

coenzyme - substance that works with an enzyme to aid its function or initiate its action.

cohesion - measure of how well molecules stick to each other or group together.

collagen - an important family of proteins found in humans and other animals, found in skin, cartilage, blood vessels, and tendons.

colligative properties - properties of a solution that depend on the number of particles in a volume of solvent.

colloid - a homogenous mixture in which dispersed particles do not settle out.

combined gas law - law which states the ratio of the product of pressure and volume, divided by the absolute temperature, is a constant value.

combination reaction - reaction in which two reactants combine to form a single product.

combustion - chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidizer that yields energy (usually heat and light).

common-ion effect - suppressing effect an electrolyte has on the ionization of another electrolyte that shares a common ion.

compound - chemical species formed when two or more atoms form a chemical bond.

complex ion - ion in which a central metal ion is bonded to one or more ions or molecules.

concentrated - having a large ratio of solute to solvent.

concentration - an expression of the quantity of a substance in a defined volume.

condensation - state of matter change from vapor phase to liquid phase.

condensation reaction - chemical reaction in which one of the products is water or ammonia, also known as a dehydration reaction.

condensed formula - chemical formula in which atom symbols are listed in the order they appear in the molecular structure, with limited bond dashes.

conductor - material which permits the flow of energy (e.g., electrical conductor, thermal conductor).

conformer - an isomer that differs from another isomer by rotation around a single bond.

congener - member of the same group of elements of the periodic table (e.g., iodine and chlorine).

conjugate - multiple chemistry definitions, referring to Bronsted acids and bases, a compound formed by combining other compounds, or the overlap of p-orbitals across a sigma bond.

conjugate acid - HX, a compound differing from a base X by a proton.

conjugate base - the species that gains a proton in an acid-base reaction.

conservation of energy - law which states energy can change forms but may not be created or destroyed.

conservation of mass - law that states, in a closed system, matter can change forms but not be created or destroyed.

controlled variable - variable that a scientist holds constant in an experiment; the control or constant variable

conversion factor - numerical ratio that converts a measurement from one unit into another.

coordinate bond - covalent bond between two atoms in which one atom supplies both electrons for the bond.

coordination compound - compound containing one or more coordinate bonds.

coordination number - number of atoms bonded to a central atom.

copernicium - radioactive element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112.

copper - Copper is the name for the element with atomic number 29 and is represented by the symbol Cu. It is a member of the transition metals group.

corrosion - irreversible damage to a material or tissue due to a chemical reaction.

corrosive - having the power to cause irreversible chemical damage upon contact.

Coulomb's law - law which states the force between two charges is proportional to the quantity of both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

covalent bond - chemical link between atoms or ions in which the electron pairs are more or less evenly shared between them.

covalent compound - molecule that contains covalent chemical bonds.

covalent radius - half the diameter of the part of an atom that participates in a covalent bond.

crenation - forming a scalloped shape upon exposure to a hypertonic solution.

critical point - critical state; point at which two phases of matter become indistinguishable from one another.

cyrogenics - study of matter at extremely low temperatures

crystal - matter in which atoms, ions, or molecules are packed into an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern.

crystal field splitting - the difference in energy between the d orbitals of ligands.

crystallize - solidification of matter into the highly ordered form of a crystal.

curium - radioactive metal with element symbol Cm and atomic number 96.

current - rate of flow of electricity.

D - Dalton's Law to Dysprosium

Dalton's Law - relation stating the total pressure of a gaseous mixture equals the sum of the partial pressure of the component gases.

darmstadtium - Darmstadtium is the name for the element with atomic number 110 and is represented by the symbol Ds. Darmstadtium was formerly known as ununnilium with symbol Uun. It is a member of the transition metals group.

dative bond - covalent bond between atoms in which one atom provides both electrons for the bond.

daughter isotope - product formed after a radioisotope (the parent) undergoes radioactive decay.

de Broglie Equation - equation describing the wave properties of matter, stated as wavelength equals Planck's constant divided by the product of mass and velocity.

decantation - method of separating mixtures by removing the liquid layer from a precipitate.

decomposition reaction - chemical reaction in which a single reactant yields two or more products.

deflagration - type of combustion in which flame propagation is less than 100 m/s and overpressure is less than 0.5 bar.

dehydration reaction - chemical reaction between two compounds in which one of the products is water.

deliquescence - process by which a soluble substance picks up water vapor from the atmosphere to form a solution.

delocalized electron - any electron in an ion, atom, or molecule that is no longer associated with a particular atom or single covalent bond.

density - mass per unit volume.

dependent variable - variable being measured (tested) in response to changing the independent variable.

deposition - settling of sediment or particles onto a surface or the phase change from the vapor to solid phase.

deprotonation - chemical reaction in which a radical removes a proton from a molecule.

desiccant - chemical agent that picks up water, often used for drying.

desublimation - phase change from vapor to solid.

- cleaning agent with general structure R-SO ₄⁻, Na⁺, where R is a long-chain alkyl group.

diamagnetic - not attracted to a magnetic field, generally because the material does not contain unpaired electrons.

diffusion - movement of a fluid from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

dilute - solution containing a small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.

dipole - a separation of electrical or magnetic charges.

dipole moment - measure of the separation of two opposite electrical charges.

diprotic acid - acid that can donate two hydrogen atoms or protons per molecule in an aqueous solution.

direct proportion - relation between two variables such that their ratio is a constant value.

disaccharide - carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides bond, removing a molecule of water from their structure.

displacement reaction - chemical reaction in which the cation or anion of one reactant is replaced by one from another reactant.

disproportionation - chemical reaction (usually redox) where a molecule forms two or more dissimilar products.

dissociation reaction - chemical reaction in which a reactant breaks into two or more parts.

dissolve - a solute passing into solution, usually a solid going to the liquid phase.

distillate - vapor formed by a distillation, which may be condensed into a liquid for collection.

distillation - technique of heating a liquid to form a vapor, which is cooled to separate components of the liquid based on volatility or boilings.

divalent cation - positive charged ion with a valence of 2.

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acd, an organic molecule that codes for proteins.

double bond - chemical bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms.

double replacement reaction - chemical reaction in which two reactants exchange anions/cations to form two new products using the same ions.

dry ice - the solid form of carbon dioxide

dubnium - transition metal with element symbol Db and atomic number 105.

ductile - able to be stretched into a wire without breaking.

dynamic equilibrium - chemical equilibrium between the forward and reverse reaction in which the rates of reaction are equal to each other.

dysprosium - rare earth metal with element symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

G - Gadolinium to Group

gadolinium - rare earth metal with element symbol Gd and atomic number 64.

- metal with element symbol Ga and atomic number 31.
​
galvanic cell - electrochemical cell where reactions between dissimilar conductors occur through a salt bridge and electrolyte.
gamma radiation - high energy ionizing photons, originating from the atomic nucleus.
- state of matter characterized by having neither a defined shape nor defined volume.
gas constant (R) - the constant in the Ideal Gas Law; R = 8.3145 J/mol·K.

Gay-Lussac's law - form of the ideal gas law that states the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature when volume is held constant.
- a type of sol where the solid particles are held in a mesh to form a rigid or semi-rigid mixture.
geometric isomer - molecules with the same number and type of atoms as each other, but with different geometrical configurations. Also called cis-trans or configurational isomerism.
- metalloid with element symbol Ge and atomic number 32.
Gibbs free energy - a measure of the potential for reversible or maximum work done by a system at constant pressure and temperature.

glass - an amorphous solid.

glycosidic bond - a covalent bond between a carbohydrate and a functional group or another molecule.
- yellow-colored transition metal with element symbol Au and atomic number 79.
Graham's Law - relation stating the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass or density.
grain alcohol - purified form of ethyl alcohol made from distilling fermented grain.
- unit of mass equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4°C.
gram molecular mass - the mass in grams of one mole of a molecular substance.

gravimetric analysis - a set of quantitative analytical techniques based on measurement of a sample's mass.
green chemistry - branch of chemistry concerned with lessening the environmental effect of chemicals, including development of new materials and processes.
ground state - the lowest energy state of an atom, ion, molecule, or subatomic particle.

group - a vertical column on the periodic table consisting of elements that share periodic properties.

M - Macromolecule to Muriatic Acid

macromolecule - molecule containing a very large number of atoms, usually more than 100.

Madelung's rule - rule that describes filling of electron orbitals in atoms due to shielding of nuclear charge by inner electrons.

magnesium - Magnesium is the name for the element with atomic number 12 and is represented by the symbol Mg. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal.

main group elements - any of the elements in the s and p blocks of the periodic table.

malleable - able to be shaped or pounded with a hammer, usually applied to metals.

manganese - element with atomic number 25 and element symbol Mn.

manometer - device used to measure gas pressure.

mass - amount of matter a substance contains or property of matter that resists acceleration.

mass defect - difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.

mass number - whole number integer that is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.

mass percentage - concentration calculated as mass of a component divided by total mass of mixture or solution; w/w%.

mass spectroscopy - analytical technique used to separate and/or identify components of a mixture based on mass and electrical charge.

matter - anything that has mass and occupies volume.

measurement - quantitative or numerical data describing an object or event.

medicinal chemistry - branch of chemistry concerned with design, synthesis, and study of pharmaceuticals.

meitnerium - radioactive transition metal with element symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

melting - phase change of matter from solid to liquid.

melting point - temperature at which the solid and liquid phase of matter coexist in equilibrium.

mendelevium - actinide with atomic number 101 and element symbol Md.

meniscus - phase boundary between a liquid in a container and a gas, curved due to surface tension.

mercaptan - organic sulfur compound containing an alkyl or aryl group and a thiol group.

mercapto group - functional group consisting of a sulfur bonded to a hydrogen; -SH.

mercury - transition metal with element symbol Hg and atomic number Hg.

metabolism - set of biochemical reactions that store chemical energy and convert it into a form an organism can use.

metal - substance that has high conductivity and other metallic properties, including tendency to form cations, often identified by group on the periodic table.

metallic character - set of chemical properties associated with metals, including the ability to lose outer valence electrons to form cations.

metallic compound - chemical compound that contains one or more metal atoms.

metalloid - element with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

meter - either (a) the base unit of length in the SI system or (b) a device used to measure a quantity.

methyl - functional group containing a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms, -CH ₃.

microliter - unit of volume that is one-millionth of a liter one cubic millimeter.

micron - unit of length equal to one-millionth of a meter; a micrometer.

mineral acid - any inorganic acid (e.g., sulfuric acid).

miscible - soluble or able to be mixed to form a solution, typically applied to fluids.

mixture - combination of two or more substances such that each retains its separate chemical identity (e.g., salt and flour).

moderator - material that slows or moderates the speed of neutrons.

Mohs scale - Mohs scale is a relative scale rating the hardness of a mineral. A mineral with a high Mohs number is able to mark a mineral with a lower Mohs number.

moiety - group of atoms in a molecule that are responsible for its characteristic chemical behavior.

molality - unit of concentration that is the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.

molar - refers to molarity (moles per liter of solution); e.g. a 6 M HCl solution has 6 moles of hydrochloric acid per liter of solution.

molar enthalpy of fusion - energy needed to change one mole of a substance from solid to liquid phase at constant pressure and temperature.

molar enthalpy of vaporization - energy needed to change one mole of liquid to the gas phase at constant pressure and temperature.

molarity - unit of concentration that is the number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution.

molar mass - mass of one mole of a substance.

molar heat capacity - heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance 1 Kelvin.

molar volume - volume of one mole of a substance.

molecular equation - balanced chemical equation in which ionic compounds are expressed as molecules rather than ions.

molecular formula - expression of the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

molecular geometry - description of the shape of a molecule and the relative positions of its atoms.

molecular mass - sum of the atomic masses of atoms in a molecule.

molecular orbital - wave function of an electron in a molecule.

molecular weight - sum of the atomic weights of atoms in a molecule.

molecule - chemical species formed by two or more atoms that share chemical bonds such that they form one unit.

mole fraction - unit of concentration that is the number of moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of a solution.

mole ratio - ratio or fraction comparing the numbers of moles of any two components involved in a chemical reaction.

molybdenum - transition metal with element symbol Mo and atomic number 42.

monatomic ion - an ion formed by a single atom.

monomer - a molecule that is a subunit or building block of a polymer.

monoprotic acid - acid that donates a single proton or hydrogen atom per molecule in aqueous solution.

mother liquor - solution remaining after crystals are removed from a crystallization solution.

MSDS - acronym for Material Safety Data Sheet, a written document outlining safety information about a chemical.

multiple bond - a bond formed when two or more pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

muriatic acid - common name for hydrochloric acid, HCl.

N - Napthenes to Nutraceutical

naphthenes - cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons from petroleum with the general formula C nH 2n.

natural abundance - average percentage of a given isotope naturally occurring on Earth.

neodymium - rare earth metal with element symbol Nd and atomic number 60.

neon - noble gas with element symbol Ne and atomic number 10.

neptunium - actinide with element symbol Np and atomic number 94.

net ionic equation - chemical equation that lists only the species participating in the reaction.

network solid - material consisting of an array of repeating covalently bonded atoms.

neutral solution - aqueous solution with a pH of 7.

neutralization - chemical reaction between an acid and base that results in a neutral solution.

neutron - particle in the atomic nucleus that has a mass of 1 and charge of 0.

nickel - Nickel is the name for the element with atomic number 28 and is represented by the symbol Ni. Nickel is a member of the transition metals group.

niobium - Niobium is the name for the element with atomic number 41 and is represented by the symbol Nb. Niobium is also called Columbium and is a transition metal.

nitrogen - Nitrogen is the name for the element with atomic number 7 and is represented by the symbol N. Nitrogen is also known as azote and is a member of the nonmetal group.

nobelium - actinide with element symbol No and atomic number 102.

noble gas - element from Group 8 of the periodic table (e.g., xenon, argon).

noble gas core - shorthand notation used writing atomic electron configuration in which previous noble gas configuration is replaced by the element symbol in brackets.

nonbonding electron - electron in an atom that does not participate in a chemical bond with other atoms.

nonelectrolyte - substance that does not dissociate into ions in aqueous solution.

nonmetal - element that does not display metallic properties, typically referring to elements located in the upper right corner of the periodic table.

nonoxidizing acid - an acid that cannot act as an oxidizing agent.

nonpolar bond - chemical bond with even distribution of charge such that it does not have positive or negative poles.

nonpolar molecule - molecule that has even distribution of charge such that it does not have positive and negative sides.

nonspontaneous reaction - chemical reaction that cannot occur without input of external work.

nonvolatile - substance that does not readily evaporate into a gas under ordinary conditions.

normal boiling point - temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atm of pressure (sea level).

normal concentration - either refers to normal concentration in which the concentration of solutes is the same in two samples or refers to gram equivalent weight of a solute in solution (N).

normality (N) - measure of concentration equal to gram equivalent weight per liter of solution.

normal melting point - temperature at which a solid melts at 1 atm of pressure.

nuclear fission - splitting of atomic nuclei into two or more lighter nuclei, accompanied by an energy release.

nuclear radiation - particles and photons emitted during reactions in the atomic nucleus.

nucleation - process of vapor droplets condensing into a liquid, bubbles forming in a boiling liquid, or particle accretion to grow crystals.

nucleophile - atom or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

nucleotide - organic molecule comprised of a nucleotide base, ribose or deoxyribose, and one or more phosphate groups.

nucleus - positively charged center of an atom, made from protons and neutrons.

nuclide - an atom or ion characterized by the proton and neutron composition of its nucleus.

null hypothesis - proposition that there is no effect of a treatment or no relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

nutraceutical - a food or part of food that confers health or medical benefits.

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cadmium - Cadmium is the name for the element with atomic number 48 and is represented by the symbol Cd. It is a member of the transition metals group. caffeine - Caffeine is a chemical substance naturally found in tea and coffee and added to colas.

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The examination of something in order to understand it or draw conclusions from it

Irregular shaped rocks that move through space (generally found in the asteroid belt).

An imaginary line going from the North Pole to the south pole on which the earth rotates.

Microscopic single-celled organisms that exist around and inside you

The green part of a cell, containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis occurs

Tiny, hair-like structures that beat back and forth and allow microbes to move

Curved inward like the inside of a spoon.

When an experiment is summarized in relation to a hypothesis

Any medium that allows heat, sound, or other energy to travel through it

An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter

A part of the experiment that is unchanged.

Curved outward like the back of a spoon.

A curved shape, like a banana, of the moon

To grow microorganisms in a specially prepared nutrient medium (agar)

An organism, often a bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter.

Sunlight falling intensely on the earth

A measure of the amount of space between objects

A 23.5 degree angle

A source of usable power such as heat, light and sound

Something that shows proof

Whip-like strands that are waved back and forth to move microbes through water

Organisms that are neither plant nor animal but have characteristics of both and absorb food from whatever they are growing on (decomposers).

An out of shape circle of the moon

The division of the earth into halves at the equator

Sunlight falling with less intensity on the earth

A conclusion drawn from evidence or reasoning

The amount of energy in a heat, light, or sound wave

A group of about 200 billion stars formed in a disk-shaped spiral that contains our solar system.

The plotting and directing of a course

A star that is almost directly above the North Pole

Careful watching and recording of something

An invisible path an object travels as it revolves around another object.

A shallow flat-bottomed dish with a loose cover

The changes in the appearance of the moon's shape during a lunar month

A celestial body, larger than asteroids or comets, that revolves around a star without giving off its own light.

A clear glass or plastic shape that refracts light into the color spectrum
Probe -
An unmanned spacecraft

A living thing, like a green plant, that makes its food using sunlight.

"False feet" of an amoeba

The goal or intended outcome of something.

A request for information

An electromagnetic wave used to communicate through space.

When the speed of light changes as it travels from one medium to another and is bent.(air to water)

An investigation into a subject in order to discover facts

A record of information from an experiment used to draw conclusions.

A natural or man-made object that revolves around larger objects in space

Size comparisons

Steps used in solving problems or answering questions.

Earth's revolution around the sun and its tilt causes direct and indirect amounts of sunlight.

Our system made up of eight unique planets, and many smaller objects that orbit our sun.

The colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, arranged in the order of their wavelengths and seen when white light passes through a prism.

Celestial bodies that consist of gases which generate light and heat

The star that is the basis of our solar system and sustains life on earth as the source of heat and light

To pass from one object to another

The space that consists of all matter, light and other forms of radiation and energy

The part of the experiment which is changed

The organisms that cause many infectious diseases

How loud or soft a sound is perceived to be.

To decrease gradually

To increase gradually

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The examination of something in order to understand it or draw conclusions from it Irregular shaped rocks that move through space (generally found in the asteroid belt). An imaginary line going from the North Pole to the south pole on which the earth rotates.

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This is the most popular dictionary of physics available. It contains over 3,800 entries covering all commonly encountered physics terms and concepts, as well as terms from the related fields of astronomy, astrophysics, and physical chemistry. With 200 new entries and expanded coverage in areas including applied physics, statistical distributions, polymers, and nanoscience, A Dictionary of Physics is more comprehensive than ever before.

The dictionary is generously illustrated with over 120 diagrams, graphs, and tables. Feature entries provide in-depth analysis of key topics such as crystal defects, magnetic resonance imaging, and the solar system. Three feature entries on low-temperature physics, nanophysics, and quantum entanglement are completely new to this edition, as are entry-level web links.

Ideal for students of physics at A-Level and undergraduate level, as well as students of related science subjects. Also valuable for professionals and for anyone who comes into contact with physics terms and concepts.

Bibliographic Information

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This is the most popular dictionary of physics available. It contains over 3,800 entries covering all commonly encountered physics terms and concepts, as well as terms from the related fields of astronomy, astrophysics, and physical chemistry.

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Biology is the study of living things. It is broken down into many fields, reflecting the complexity of life from the atoms and molecules of biochemistry to the interactions of millions of organisms in ecology. This biology dictionary is here to help you learn about all sorts of biology terms, principles, and life forms. Search by individual topic using the alphabetized menu below, or search by field of study using the menu on the left.

Trending Biology Topics

The list below contains the most popular biological concepts. You can also view the complete list of biology terms here.

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Biology Dictionary - Explanations and Examples of Biological Concepts

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Biology Dictionary provides definition, examples and quiz for common biology terms, including molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, ecology and more!

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In news : Union Education Minister launched CBSE Assessment Framework for Science, Maths and English classes as part of CBSE Competency Based Education Project

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The Central Board of Secondary Education library has organized collection of information resources made accessible for reference and borrowing. CBSEs library collection includes books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, prints, documents, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs and other formats.
The CBSE librarys collection is being used by Staff and school principals. The collection consists of some rare books and documents. The books cover wide assortment of subjects on Indian history, archaeology, art, education, architecture, geography, natural science and fiction. The library also have the wide range of textbooks, study material, curriculums of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) and other prominent institutions.
Some of the important publications in the library collection include valuable edition of World Book Encyclopaedia in 22 volumes and Encyclopaedia of Hinduism in 11 volumes. Also this library has appreciated collection of Year Books, treasured collection of Encyclopaedia of Britannica in 37 volumes. The collection has books authored by Patrick Abbott, M. Abercrombie, O. Abootty, Jacob Abraham, Jessy Abraham, Malolm Abrams, Alan Axelrod, Alan Scaife, J. Robb Alan, E.J. Alberty and many Indian writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Khushwant Singh etc. There is also an appreciated collection of Journals, newspapers, dictionaries and lexicons on various languages and dialects.

CBSE Publications
CBSE Publications cover wide range of book and support materials. Some latest and important publications are Teachers Manual on Formative Assessment, CCE Manual for Teachers VI-VIII, Senior school curriculum 2013 Vol. - III, Secondary School Curriculum 2013 Vol.- I, Library as a Resource Centre, quarterly Journals- CENBOSEC, Annual Reports etc.
NCERT Collection The NCERT collection covers all the four National Curriculum Framework (NCF) published in 1975, 1988, 2000 and 2005 by the National Council of Educational Research and Training in India. The document provides the framework for making syllabus, textbooks and teaching practices within the school education programmes in India. CBSE library also cover most of NCERT textbooks, study material and their manuals.

Download NCERT Text Books
Download CBSE Text Books

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The Central Board of Secondary Education library has organized collection of information resources made accessible for reference and borrowing. CBSEs library collection includes books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, prints, documents, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs and other formats. The CBSE librarys collection is being used by Staff and school principals.

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Cbse class 10 maths syllbus :- NUMBER SYSTEMS ALGEBRA COORDINATE GEOMETRY GEOMETRY TRIGONOMETRY MENSURATION STATISTICS & PROBABILITY CBSE has published the revised syllabus of Class 10 Maths subject for the current academic session (2020 2021). CBSE Class 10 Maths Syllabus has been reduced to compensate for the loss of studies under the effect of COVID-19 lockdown.

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CBSE TERMs Teaching Manuals for Teachers - CBSE releases teaching manuals for science and maths teachers of classes 6 to 10. Teachers may download Teacher Energized Manuals (TERM)/Teaching Modules of Science and Mathematics at CBSE Web Portal.
CBSE has dedicated the academic session 2020-21 for ' Competency Based Learning' where the focus of teaching is on the outcomes that students need to acquire. In consonance with this move towards outcome-based education, the CBSE, in collaboration with CSF, New Delhi, has developed the Teacher Energized Resource Manuals (TERM), a series of Manuals for teachers of Science and Mathematics for classes VI to X.

These Manuals will help the teachers in aligning their classroom transaction to build competencies. Each chapter of this resource manual corresponds to the respective chapters in the NCERT textbooks.

CBSE TERM- Teacher Energized Resource Manuals (Teaching Manuals Modules)

Teacher Manuals for Teaching - Details

Teacher Manuals for Teaching - Details

The chapters have been built-up by concepts, linked to the NCERT Learning Outcomes, and, an attempt has been made to delineate Learning Objectives for each chapter. Every chapter has a set of assessment items and sample strategies for transaction of concepts.

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in partnership with Central Square Foundation released a series of manuals named ' Teacher Energized Manuals ' (TERM) for science and maths teachers of classes 6 to 10.
Textbooks
Textbooks Download as ebooks

TERM aims at aiding teachers in aligning their classroom transaction to a competency framework. These can be downloaded from Diksha portal or CBSE official website.

" These are must-read manuals for teachers teaching these subjects to familiarise themselves with Learning Outcomes based teaching and learning. These can be accessed at DIKSHA and CBSE Academic Website http://cbseacademic.nic.in/term.html," According to the education minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank tweeted.

As per the manual, Each chapter of the Resource Manual corresponds to the respective chapters in the NCERT textbooks. The chapters have been chunked by concept; these concepts have been linked to the NCERT Learning Outcomes; and an attempt has been made to delineate Learning Objectives for each concept.

Every chapter has a set of assessment items, where two items have been provided as examples for each Learning Objective. Teachers can use these to assess if the learner has acquired the related concept.

Teacher Energized Resource Manuals (TERM) 2020: These Manuals are available on CBSE Website at the link http://cbseacademic.nic.in/term.html and on the DIKSHA portal at below mentioned links: It is expected that you and your teachers of Science and Mathematics shall go through these Manuals.

These Manuals will support the teachers to develop pedagogical plans for implementing Competency Based Learning to equip our students with the requisite skills and competencies pertaining to the subjects.
TERM Manuals
Teacher Energized Resource Manuals Downloading Links
How to Use TERM Manual?
The goal of the Teacher Energized Resource Manual (TERM) is to provide teachers with competency-based education resources aligned to NCERT textbooks that would support them in the attainment of desired Learning Outcomes and development of requisite competencies of the learner.

The TERM has equal number of corresponding chapters as NCERT Textbooks with listing of concepts, Learning Outcomes developed by NCERT and Learning Objectives. Competency based test items for each corresponding Learning Objective and sample activities for enrichment have been provided.

Learning Objectives: Each chapter begins has a Learning Objectives table. The table lists the concept covered in the chapter. Learning Objectives are broken down competencies that a learner would have acquired by the end of the chapter. They are a combination of skills and what the learner would use this skill for.

For example, the first Learning Objective in the table below relates to the skill of analysis and the students will use this competency to identify ingredients in different food items. Teachers can use these specific Learning Objectives to identify if a student has acquired the associated skills and understands how that skill can be used.

Content Area/ Concepts: The important concepts and sub-concepts covered in a particular chapter are listed in the first section. Most often, they follow a logical order and present a sequence in which these are likely to be covered while teaching.

In case, your teaching strategy is different and presents them in a different order, you need not worry. Teach the way, you consider the best. You only need to ensure their understanding and the attainment of desired Learning Objectives.

Learning Outcomes (NCERT): NCERT Learning Outcomes are in each chapter along with delineated Learning Objectives. As shown below, each Learning Objective is mapped to NCERT Learning Outcomes and helps teachers to easily identify the larger outcome that a child must be able to demonstrate at the end of the class/chapter.

As the NCERT LOs are generic, they may relate to many content areas / concepts together. However in the mapped table, they have been reproduced ad verbatim for easy identification.

Test items: For each Learning Objective, at least two competency-based test items have been provided. Although, the items in this resource manual are multiple choice questions, which assess developed competencies of a child rather than only knowledge, it must be kept in mind that there can be different kinds of test items that can easily align with competency-based education.

Teachers can use these items to assess if a child has achieved a particular learning objective and can take necessary supportive actions. Teachers are also encouraged to form similar questions which assess skills of students.

Suggested Teacher Resources: At the end of each chapter, certain activities have been suggested which can be carried out by the teachers with learners to explain a concept. These are only samples and teachers can use, adapt, as well as, create activities that align to a given concept. Source: CBSE Web Portal
TERM DIKSHA Links
Teaching Manuals Downloading Links

*Disclaimer: We have published the above information for reference Purpose only, For any changes on the content we refer to visit the Official website to get the latest & Official details

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CBSE TERM - Teacher Energized Resource Manuals (Teaching Manuals/Modules) Download from here

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CBSE TERMs Teaching Manuals for Teachers - CBSE releases teaching manuals for science and maths teachers of classes 6 to 10. Teachers may download Teacher Energized Manuals (TERM)/Teaching Modules of Science and Mathematics at CBSE Web Portal. CBSE has dedicated the academic session 2020-21 for ' Competency Based Learning' where the focus of teaching is on the outcomes that students need to acquire.

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Class 11 Lab Manual: Here you can get the latest and complete information about CBSE Class 11 Lab Manual for 2020-21 academic year.

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Image Source : PTI
CBSE releases teaching manuals 'TERM' for science, maths teachers of classes 6 to 10 (Representational Image)

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in collaboration with Central Square Foundation on Saturday, has released the 'Teacher Energized Manuals' (TERM), a series of manuals for the teachers of science and maths of classes 6 to 10. The manuals can be downloaded from Diksha portal or the official website of CBSE. TERM aims at aiding teachers in aligning their classroom transactions to a competency framework.

"Each chapter of the resource manual corresponds to the respective chapters in the NCERT textbooks. The chapters have been chunked by concept; these concepts have been linked to the NCERT Learning Outcomes; and an attempt has been made to delineate Learning Objectives for each concept. Every chapter has a set of assessment items, where two items have been provided as examples for each Learning Objective. Teachers can use these to assess if the learner has acquired the related concept," the TERM manual reads.

"These are must-read manuals for teachers teaching these subjects to familiarise themselves with Learning Outcomes based teaching and learning. These can be accessed at DIKSHA and CBSE Academic Website http://cbseacademic.nic.in/term.html," the education minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank tweeted.

CBSE 'TERM' Teaching Manuals: Direct Links

For Mathematics:

Class 6-- Click here

Class 7-- Click here

Class 8-- Click here

Class 9-- Click here

Class 10-- Click here

For Science:

Class 6-- Click here

Class 7-- Click here

Class 8-- Click here

Class 9-- Click here

Class 10-- Click here
Latest Education News

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CBSE releases teaching manuals 'TERM' for science, maths teachers of classes 6 to 10

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The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in collaboration with Central Square Foundation on Saturday, has released the 'Teacher Energized Manuals' (TERM), a series of manuals for the teachers of science and maths of classes 6 to 10. The manuals can be downloaded from Diksha portal or the official website of CBSE.

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The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the most prestigious and preferred educational boards in India. CBSE Board aims to provide holistic and healthy education to all its learners so that students can get adequate space to develop mentally and physically. CBSE Board is known for its comprehensive syllabus and well structured exam pattern which helps students to get a detailed idea about the entire curriculum. There are around 20,102 schools under the board which follows the NCERT curriculum.
Latest Update on CBSE: The board has recently released a notification regarding the conduct of class 10 and 12 board exams 2020-21. It has decided to cancel the class 10 board exams and to postpone the class 12 exams. To know the complete details, click here.
Important Highlights of CBSE Board

The academic session 2020-21 has not started yet due to the spread of the Coronavirus. It is expected that this year the schools will begin by September. Usually, the academic session starts in the month of June/July. Here we have summarized the important points related to the CBSE board exams.

1. CBSE class 12 board exams were conducted from 15th Feb 2020 to 30th March 2020, and class 10 board exams were conducted from 15th Feb 2020 to 20th March 2020. But due to COVID-19 pandemic, exams were only conducted for few subjects and for other subjects exams got cancelled.

2. The results for class 12 and class 10 were declared on 13th July 2020 and 15th July 2020, respectively.

3. The board has also revised the CBSE syllabus by keeping in mind the current situation of the novel Coronavirus. The syllabus of class 9 to 12 has been reduced by 30% with core concepts retained as the academic session will start late this year.

4. The new education policy 2020 has been announced, which brings several major reforms in the Indian education system. Among the major reform, the 10+2 structure in the schooling system is the one which has been replaced by a 5+3+3+4 structure.

5. Students are advised to focus on self-learning and exploring new things by themselves.

Here we have provided the CBSE Board study resources for students preparation. They can directly access it by clicking on the images below.

CBSE Board Class 10 Exam

CBSE Board Class 10 is a very important stage of learning for the students. This is for the first time they appear for the board exam. So, CBSE Class 10 students have to really work hard throughout the academic session. The concepts that they will learn at this stage will help them in solving the problems of daily life. Also, it will benefit them in further studies. So, they should focus on building the concepts which will work as a strong foundation for their future.

CBSE Board Class 12 Exam

After passing class 10, students have to choose the stream of their choice among science, commerce and arts. The stream that they opt according to that they pursue their studies in class 11 and 12. CBSE Class 12 is the last stage of schooling and thus it becomes even more crucial. Based on the marks scored in CBSE class 12, students will get admission in reputed government colleges. Also, in most of the competitive examination, the syllabus of class 11 and 12 is asked. So, students should leave no stone unturned for CBSE class 12 exam preparation.

CBSE Exam Pattern

Students studying in Central Board of Secondary Education are assessed in two areas:

1. Scholastic: In this students are focused on core academic areas. All the main subjects like social science, science, maths and language subjects are taught to them.

2. Co-scholastic: This area includes other activities such as games, sports, art, music, craftwork etc which are essential for the development of a student. This has been added to make students healthy and fit as it leads to better learning.

The academic year of the Scholastic areas is divided into two terms which are Term 1 and Term 2 and two types of tests which are Formative Assessment and Summative Assessment are conducted to evaluate the academic subjects.

1. Formative Assessment: In the primary classes, the formative assessment (FA) tests are in the form of oral tests, dictation, homework, class test, projects & assignments, storytelling, elocution, memory test, quiz, etc.

2. Summative Assessment: Here students are tested internally. The Summative Assessment (SA) is conducted at the end of each term i.e two times each year. The tests are conducted by the school in pen and paper mode.

Check CBSE Marking Scheme to know the detailed marking scheme and exam pattern for Class 10 and Class 12.

CBSE Board Grading System

The CBSE board exam structure for Class 6 to 8 consists of Term 1 and Term 2. The detailed exam structure for the two terms is described in the tables below.

Students are awarded grades and not marks. The CBSE results are declared in 2 categories: Eligible for Improvement of Performance (EIOP) or Eligible for Qualifying Certificate (QUAL).

1. CBSE Board Grading System for Primary Classes

2. CBSE Secondary School Grading System

CBSE Board Exam Sample Papers and Question Papers

Practice is very important for the students before the actual exam. It helps them in knowing how well they are prepared to face the exam. Also, it helps in assessing their performance. So, students must practice sample papers and questions papers. CBSE Board has also released the 2020 Sample Papers for Class 10 and 12 students to make them thorough with question paper pattern. Solving CBSE 2020 Sample Papers will give them an idea of exam pattern, marking scheme etc. Moreover, they can also time their preparation level.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers

CBSE Board Exam Syllabus and Important Questions

Syllabus is an important study resource for students. It not only gives an overview of what students going to study during the academic session but also helps them it tracking the topics that they have covered. So, here we have provided the CBSE syllabus for all the class 1 to 12. Moreover, we have also provided the CBSE important questions for class 8 to 12 that are most likely to be asked in the exams.

CBSE Books

CBSE books are the most reliable learning tools for the students. Without books learning is incomplete. CBSE board follows the NCERT books for all the classes from 1 to 12. These e-Books are also available on the CBSE portal and NCERT website. The CBSE textbooks are written in simple language and covers the entire syllabus. The question paper is also designed from these NCERT textbooks. So, it strongly recommended to the students to study from NCERT books.

The NCERT Books app is launched as an initiative to promote digital education and provide the study resources to students. The App can be easily downloaded by the students and is available in Android, IOS and Windows platform. It provides access to digital textbooks for all classes, supplementary books, audios in various languages, videos, images, maps, question banks, details about the events such as exhibitions, contests, workshops etc.

CBSE Notes and Revision Notes

Once students solve all the questions of CBSE Books then they start with the revision. For this they need notes. So, in the table below we have provided the CBSE Notes for class 6 to 12. Also, we have provided revision notes that will help students in their revision when exams are near to its conduct.

CBSE Practicals

Practicals are equally important as the theory subjects. It improves learning, promotes basic skills and creates interest in students. The practicals are introduced by CBSE board in class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Till class 8 there are no practical subjects instead they have projects and models. The board ensures that all affiliated schools have the necessary infrastructure to carry out the experiments. It promotes the laboratory work in the school system so that students learn the things by doing it. The board also conducts the practical exams similar to that of theory.

CBSE Extra-Curricular Activities

CBSE board introduces various extra curriculum activities to explore the talent of the students. This includes local art, craft, literature and skills, health and physical education, yoga, traditional games, indigenous sports, NCC, scout and guide, martial art etc. These activities will not only develop the skills of the students but also create their interest in other sectors such as sports, art and craft etc. Various competitions are also conducted within the school and inter-school to encourage and motivate the students. These extra curriculum activities integrate all areas of learning with each other in terms of knowledge, skills, comprehension, values and attitude. Thus make the student a good citizen who contributes to making the world a happy place.

Essays for CBSE Students

Essay writing is an important part of English. From class 3, essay writing has been introduced in the subject, and it continues till class 12. In lower classes, students are asked to write essays on topics such as my family, my school, my best friend, etc., and gradually the level increases as students enter into higher classes. The purpose of writing the essay is that students can express their thoughts in their own words. English as a language subject provides a medium to students to express their opinions and viewpoints in a better way. Here, we have provided essays on some general topics. By going through them, students will get an idea of writing a good essay during the exam.

CBSE English Study Material

Students can't ignore the importance of the English subject. If they want to score high in their board or annual exams, they have to study all the subject. Most of the time, students do not take English subject seriously and as a result of which they couldn't score as per their expectation. So, to help them prepare better, we have provided English Unseen Passages.

CBSE Latest Update

CBSE board keep coming up with the latest news and announcement. It is essential for the students to be updated with all the news. We have compiled all the latest update and notifications released by the CBSE here so that students get all the information instantly at one place.

CBSE Videos on Important Topics

We have tried to make learning easier and fun through interactive videos. Here we have provided the links of a few videos. In these videos, the concepts are explained through various examples and day-to-day activities. It will help students to understand the topics easily. Go through them and enjoy learning.

Human Eye

Thrust and Pressure

Area of Hollow Cylinder

Electronic Configuration

If students want to watch more such videos then download BYJU'S - The Learning App from Google Play Store / IOS App Store. Keep learning and stay tuned to get the latest update on CBSE along with syllabus, marking scheme, sample papers, previous year question papers and more.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE

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