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Ans 1) Natural vegetative propagation is a type of a sexual reproduction in which plants produce new offspring without the fusion of gametes, mostly by the help of underground storage organs. During unfavorable climatic conditions the plants survive due to the underground stored food and when the favorable climatic conditions return, they  make use of the stored food to make new offspring
Ans 2).i) Cutting - In this method, a healthy young branch with a few nodes and internodes is cut off and most of its leaves are removed. Now the cut end is stuck into some good moist soil. The cutting will then develop roots, and grow into a new plant. This method is used to propagate plants like rose, sugarcane, and pineapple.

(ii) Budding -  In budding, a bud with a small portion of the bark is taken from the desired plant. This is inserted into a small slit that is made in the bark of the other plant. Both the plants are tied together and the buds are not allowed to dry.

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A1) Natural vegetative propagation  is the growth and development of plant naturally without human intervention.It usually results from the growth of the lateral bud o the stem which is close to or under the soil and instead of just making the branch , the bud produces the whole plant with roots,stems and leaves.An important ability of plant growing from natural vegetative propagation is the ability to develop adventitious roots through which new plant forms from the parent plant.The examples of natural vegetative propagation are  rhizomes, stolons,corms,bulbs and tubers.                                                 A2)  Budding of a tuber is an example of  natural vegetative propagation.A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem bearing a number of reduced scale leaves and buds.The food reserve is mainly in the form of starch with proteins. .f The adventitious roots providing the water and nutrients to the bud on the base of the tuber .From the node,the lateral bud grow further forming aerial shoot above the ground .The shoot produces foliage leave and by the process of photosynthesis food in the form of starch is made.Then the food move downwards by translocation and form terminal segments of branches of the aerial shoot which become heavier by the weight of food storage and the new plant grows where the branch touches the ground. This produce underground shoots known as rhizomes and from these underground shoots new tuber arise .When it is fully grown it detaches from the parent tuber and become independent individual .The example of stem tubers are potatoes. However, root tubers originate from the roots that have been modified to store nutrients.these roots become enlarge and may give rise to the new plant. Sweet potatoes and clahlias are the example of the root tubers.
Corm formation is an example of natural vegetative propagation. Corm is the thick short underground stem swollen with food reserves.   Under favorable conditions water passed passes through the adventitious roots, and the plant undergoes through the process of respiration . The amount of food stored in the nodal area of the parent corm, forms the aerial shoot by the process of mitosis as the apical bud grows.Leaves grow out of the shoot above the ground , making food by the process of photosynthesis.After this food moving downwards by translocation that can be stored into the lateral bud, as a result new corm grows on the top of the parent corm.When the amount of food stored in the new corm ,the parent corm dries and withers, resultant each new corm forms the  contractile root , partly for the absorption of water. As a result the new corm separate from the parent plant making itself independent.

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1) Vegetative propagation is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure without any human intervation.It forms adventitious roots from which new plants sprout from stems,roots or leaves of parent plant.Modified stems are the source of vegetative propagation.In plants the unit of vegetative propagation such as runners,rhizomes,sucker,tuber,offset and bulb are giving rise to new offspring. These structures are called vegetative propagules.
2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Yeast is an example of asexual reproduction by budding .The small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. A stem tuber is an underground stem which bear multiple scaly leaves and lateral buds seen in form of eyebrows and eyes on the surface.
Corms are the underground stems which grows vertically in soil.It contains nodes and internodes.Scaly leaves arise from nodes containing typical and axillary bud.They have adventitious roots which absorb water and mineral salts for plants for carrying out the process of respiration.They undergo mitotical cell division resulting in enlargement of corms.Aerial shoots grow having foliage leaves to carry photosynthesis.The excess food travel down by translocation.New corm is formed causing the parent cell to get exhausted and die.

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Ans 1) Natural vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants In which plants grow and develop naturally through the  fragmentation regeneration of specialised vegetative plant parts, without any human intervention. It is enabled due to the plants’ ability to develop adventitious roots, resulting in the sprouting of new plants from stems, roots or leaves of a parent plant. Vegetative plant structures that arise from plant stems include rhizomes, runners, bulbs, tubers, and corms. Tubers can also stretch from roots.

Ans 2)  In budding a healthy plant with an established root system is selected. This is called the stock. A bud, together with some cambium, from another plant of the same specie is taken. This is the scion. A T-shaped cut is made in the bark down to the cambium in the stock. The scion is carefully inserted, into the cut section of the stock, but with the bud still exposed beneath the bark of the stock. The thin cambium in the scion is now in contact with the cambium of the stock. The scion and stock are tied together and the junction protected with wax. The tissues of the two plants soon unite and the bud grows into a shoot. Examples of plants are lemon and hibiscus.
Corm is the short, thick, swollen, underground storage organ formed from the plant stem. The parent corm develops adventitious roots, which absorb water and mineral salts for parent corm. Due to the absorption of water and mineral salts, the cells in parent corm become active and undergoes respiration. This develops the palnt’s ability to undergo mitosis, which results in the formation of apical bud and from it new shoot and new leaves develop. The leaves can now form their own food through photosynthesis. This food moves down into the parent corm, through translocation, and is stored into the lateral buds. The excessive deposit of food in lateral buds increase them in size and mass, and they move out of the parent corm. Now the lateral buds are known as new corm. The new corms develop their own roots, known as contractile roots. The parent corm gradually dies and then the new corm is pulled off from the parent corm. The new corm can now give off its new shoot and the process of formation of corm repeats. Examples of corms are turnip, beetroot, gladiolus, crocus, crocus, etc.

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Answer 1)Natural Vegetative Propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific part of without human intervention. Development of adventitious roots is one of the main ability for natural vegetation; through the formation of adventitious roots, new plants may sprout from stems, roots, or leaves of a parent plant. Modified stems are usually the source of vegetative propagation. Vegetative plant structures that arise from plant stems include rhizomes, runners, bulbs, tubers, and corms.
Answer 2) Budding is the form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on a parent plant.This takes place due to mitotic cell division at a particular site of the plant which result in the offspring being genetically identical to the parent plant. An example of budding is stem tuber, a tuber functions in asexual propagation as a result of the tiny scale leaves equipped with buds that grow on its surface. Each of these buds can form a new plant, genetically identical to the parent. Potato is an example of stem tuber.
Corm is a short, vertical, underground, bulb-like stems that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive in adverse conditions. These vegetative structures store nutrients in fleshy, solid stem tissue and are typically externally surrounded by papery leaves. It is round in shape and is flat at top and bottom. Corm is basically a condensed form of rhizomes meaning it spreads less compared to rhizome. Corms produce adventitious roots and bears one or more buds in axial of scale leaves and the daughter plants arise from their buds. Gladiolus are formed from corms.

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Ans. 1
Natural vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction . Through fragmentation and regeneration plants develop their vegetative parts without intervention.  It usually involves the growth of part of a plant, such as bud or a stem. Cells in the bud or stem divide many times by mitosis, producing many identical cells. Eventually, the bud or stem separates from the parent plant to form a new plant.  It occurs when an axilliary bud grows into a lateral shoot and develop its own roots known as adventitious roots. . Bulbs, rhizomes , stolons and tubers are mostly the source of vegetative propagation.

Ans2
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Budding of a tuber is an example of natural vegetative propagation. A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the under sides produce roots. The underground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. In the autumn the plant dies, except for the new offspring stem tubers which have one dominant bud, which in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves, in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow. The food preserve is mainly starch but its first layer is formed by protein beneath the scaly skin. Food and adventitious roots for the absorption of mineral salts and water is stored in the lateral bud on the tuber.  The food is carried out for cell functions including mitosis and an aerial shoot is sent up from the lateral bud. Foliage develops and photosynthesis occur and glucose is produced to translocate it to the axillary buds of the shoot where it is stored and forms a new tuber as the tips becomes heavier and then it falls on the ground that allows them to take part in further natural vegetative propagation

Corms are enlarged bulb-like underground stems. These vegetative structures store nutrients in fleshy, solid stem tissue and are typically externally surrounded by papery leaves.  The axillary bud forms adventitious roots due to mitotic cell division. Nutrients and water is absorbed by roots and the metabolic process of the cell takes place and soon the aerial shoots and leaves are formed from the nodes. After this food lives down wards by translocation that can be stored in the lateral bud and as a result new corm is formed at the top of the parent corm. When the amount of food stored in the new corm, the parent corm dries and withers, resultant each new corm forms the contractile root, partly for the absorption of water. As a result the new corm separate from the parent plant making itself independent. Chestnut is one if the example if corm.

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Q1) Define Natural Vegetative Propagation?

Natural Vegetative Propagation is an asexual form of reproduction found in plants, requiring no human intervention. This process involves one parent organism which produces a genetically identical offspring organism through the process of mitotic cell division. This process occurs in vegetative parts of a plant only (leaves, roots and stems). It is the result of growth of lateral buds close to the soil or under it. The bud produces branches as well as adventitious roots, stems and leaves. Some examples include rhizomes, corms, stolon, runners and tubers.

Q2) Describe the process of budding and corm formation by natural vegetative propagation.

Budding is a form asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth called bud, through mitotic cell division. Initially it is attached to the parent body to obtain nourishment, and then later on detaches itself. Tubers are an example of budding. They are swollen underground stems and bear reduced scale leaves and buds. Its food reserve is in the form of starch which is used for growth of aerial shoots from apical buds. Its adventitious roots provide water and mineral salts. It grows foliage leaves, which makes food by the process of photosynthesis. The plants start to bend from the weight of food storage and new plants grow from the branches touching the ground. The food compounds are sent along underground shoots (rhizomes) which makes its tips swell. The roots enlarge, thus producing a new plant. Examples of tubers would include potatoes.

Corms are swollen, thick, fleshy underground stems. It contains food reserves. It is protected with dry, scaly leaves. Its adventitious roots provide it with water and nutrients.Energy needed for cell division is provided by process of respiration. There is food stored in the nodal area of parent corm, which results in the formation of aerial shoot by mitosis as apical bud grows. It grows foliage leaves which provides food by the process of photosynthesis. The food is sent to the stem and lateral bud by translocation, where it is stored. It causes the growth of lateral bud, which grows bigger and contractile roots arise from its base as the parent corm withers. The result is the new corm which separates from parent plant making itself independent. Some examples of corms are water chestnuts

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Ans1) Natural vegetative propagation is a type if asexual reproduction in plants, wherein there is only one parent plant needed, without fertilization (no fusion of gametes), and the off spring produced would be genetically identical to the parent. This method of reproduction is the fragmentation and regeneration of specialized vegetative plant parts without human intervention. The main key unit of natural vegetative propagation is the ability to grow or develop adventitious roots, that further propagate the growth of new shoots, stems and leaves (vegetative parts of the plant). Examples include, rhizomes, stolons, corms, bulbs etc.

Ans2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction which is defined as a process in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud  due to cell division at one particular site, which is mitosis, as a result of which the offspring is genetically identical to the parent. An example of budding is ''stem tubers'', which are swollen, underground stem, which bears reduced, scaly leaves.The nutritious material is stored within the nodal region. The lateral bud forms the adventitious roots, which further propagates the formation of aerial shoots. The leaves that are eventually formed carry the process of photosynthesis, that results in plant's translocation creates pressure, and the nodes (storing food) swell, and often grows buds. When it becomes too heavy, it eventually falls off, detaching itself from the parent plant, and the new offspring continues the generation of the plant.
Corm is a thick, short, underground stem, swollen with stored food reserves. The stem is protected by dry scaly leaves. The food from the leaves result in the buds to become enlarged. These enlarged buds are the "corm" structure(s) so they develop their own roots, called 'contractile roots'. The excess food that enters due to translocation at the base of the corm, would result the 1-2 buds on the corm to develop new corms over the old corm. Soon when the old corm/parent plant would fail to provide enough food and water for the new corm, the new corm would detach itself from the parent plant, henceforth growing on its own.

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Q1) Natural vegetative propagation is an asexual method of reproduction in plants. This process involves only one plant and the offspring formed is genetically identical. This process  occurs in vegetative parts of a plant only which are leaves, roots and stems. Natural vegetative propagation occurs when the axiallary bud grows into a lateral shoot forming adventitious roots.
Q2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism is formed from an outgrowth or bud as a result of mitosis cell division at a particular part on the parent plants body, which results in an offspring which is genetically identical to the parent.

corms are enlarged bulb shaped underground stems which store nutrients in fleshy,solid stem tissue and are customarily surrounded by dry, scaly leaves.they contain adventitious roots which aid in absorbing of water and minerals salts for the plant so that it could respire.respiration results in cells becoming active and mitosis occurs. this results in the enlargement of corms. they transition into aerial shoots and develop foliage leaves for photosynthesis . the produced food desends downwards and is kept for storage, which in turn results in the production of new corms. later on the parent plant
worn out and exhausted, hence resulting in its death. the new corms become independent plants later on .

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Ans 1) Natural vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants, which occurs when plants grow and develop naturally without any human interference. It is enabled by the development of adventitious roots. New plants may emerge from the roots, stem and leaves of the parent plant. The vegetative plant structures arising from the stem are known as rhizomes, bulbs, runners, tubers, etc.

Ans 2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth, sometimes also called a bud, on the body of the parent organism. This is due to mitotic cell division at a specific part on the parent body resulting in a genetically identical offspring.

Corms are enlarged bulb-like underground stems which store nutrients in fleshy, solid stem tissue and are usually surrounded by dry, scaly leaves.  They have adventitious roots which absorb water and mineral salts for the plant so that it could carry out respiration. This causes the cells to become active and mitosis to occur, resulting in the enlargement of the corms. They transform into aerial shoots and grow foliage leaves to carry out photosynthesis. The food produced moves downwards and is stored, causing formation of new corms. The parent plant gets exhausted and dies while the new corms become independent plants.

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1)Natural vegetative propagation refers to the growth and development of a plant by asexual means without human intervention. This occurs by process of mitotic cell division through fragmentation and regeneration of vegetative plant parts. It initiates when the lateral buds on stem get either close to the ground or underground and form adventitious roots to anchor. Then it grows another plant consisting its own stem and foliage leaves. After some time, the bud detaches from the parent plant and becomes an independent daughter plant. Plant parts that undergo vegetative propagation includes rhizomes, corms, stolon, runners, tubers etc.

2)Budding is an example of nature vegetative propagation. A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem having many buds and dried scale leaves.The adventitious roots are a source of water and nutrients to the plant.Lateral bud grows from the node forming aerial shoots that further produce foliage leaves.  Food is produced by the process of photosynthesis  and stored in form of starch with protein. Through the process of translocation the food moves downwards and form terminal segments of aerial shoot branches.  The branche  bend downwards as they become heavier due to the weight of stored food.Eventually the plant grows as it touches the ground and produces underground shoots, rhizomes. From rhizomes new tuber is produced.  The new stem tuber detaches from the parent cell and becomes independent when grown completely. Root tubers are produced from roots that store nutrients. The roots enlarge and may produce a new plant.
Corm is swollen ,thick and fleshy underground stem that has food reserves and dried scale leaves. Adventitious roots are a source of water and nutrients to the plant.While the energy needed for cell division is produced by process of respiration.  The aerial shoots of the plant are formed by the process of mitosis, through the food stored in the nodal region of the parent corm,as the apical bud grows. Foliage leaves then grow from the  aerial shoots and produce food by photosynthesis. By the process of translocation food is moved down to the stem and lateral bud, where it is stored.The lateral bud grows bigger and contractile roots are grown from the base
As the parent corn withers and dies the new corm detaches and becomes independent.

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Q1) Natural vegetative propogation is the growth and development of plant naturally without human intervention. It usually results from the growth of the lateral bud of the stem which is under the soil and instead of just making the branch, a bud produces whole plant with roots, stem, leaves. An important ability of plant vegetative propogation is to grow adventitious roots thorough which new plant is grown from the parent plant. For eg: tubers, rhizomes and bulbs.
Q2) Budding of a tuber is an example of natural vegetative propogation. A stem tuber is is swollen underground stem bearing a number of reduced scales, leaves and buds. The food reserve is mainly starch with protein. Adventitious roots provide water and mineral salts and the food stored is used to grow aerial shoot from apical bud. Soon foliage leaves grow out of these shoots, which make food by photosynthesis. The food made is translocated and forms terminal segments of branches of aerial shoots, which become heavier by the weight of stored food. The plant now grows where it touches ground. When it is fully grown, it detaches from the parent plant and become individual. For eg: potatoes and sweet potatoes.
Corm formation is an example of natural vegetative propogation. Corm is the thick, short underground stem swollen with food reserves. Under favourable conditions water passes through the adventitious roots and the plant undergoes through the process of respiration. The amount of food stored in the nodal area of the parent corm, forms the aerial shoot by the process of of mitosis. Leaves grow out of the shoot above the ground, making food by the process of photosynthesis. After this food moving downwards by translocation that can be stored in the lateral bud, as a result new corm grown on the top of parent corm. When the amount of food stored in the new corm, the parent corm dries and withers, resultant each corm forms the contractile root, partly for the absorption of water. As a result the new corm become independant.

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Q1) Natural vegetative propagation is an asexual method of reproduction in plants. This process involves only one plant and the offspring produced is genetically identical. This process  occurs in vegetative parts of a plant only. Natural vegetative propagation takes place when the axillary bud grows into a lateral shoot forming adventitious roots.
Q2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism is formed from an outgrowth or bud as a result of mitosis.
A corm is a swollen underground stem that stores food (nutrients) and is surrounded by dry leaves. Corms produce adventitious roots and the buds that are present grow into new a new shoot by natural vegetative propagation.

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Q1-  Natural vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants. It occurs when plants grow and develop naturally without any human interference. Natural vegetative propagation can be enabled by the development of adventitious roots.
Q2- Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth  or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
The small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and excepting mutations is genetically identical to the parent organism.
Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.
In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.                                                      Corm , vertical, fleshy, underground stem that acts as a food-storage structure in certain seed plants. It bears membranous or scaly leaves and buds, and, unlike in bulbs, these do not appear as visible rings when the corm is cut in half. Corms have a fibrous covering known as a tunic, and the roots emerge from a smooth area at the base known as the basal plate. Corms store starches to fuel growth and to help plants survive unfavourable conditions, and many produce offshoots known as daughter corms or cormels that are used for vegetative reproduction.

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Natural Vegetative propagation is the asexual method of reproduction in plants and it refers to the growth and development of plant naturally without any human intervention. It results from the growth of lateral bud either close to the soil or under it. Apart from producing branches, the bud also produces adventitious roots, stem and leaves forming a complete plant. After the old stem dies the new plant becomes independent of the parent plant. Rhizomes, tubers, stolon and bulbs are examples of natural vegetative propagation.

2)Budding is an example of nature vegetative propagation. A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem having many buds and dried scale leaves.The adventitious roots are a source of water and nutrients to the plant.Lateral bud grows from the node forming aerial shoots that further produce foliage leaves.  Food is produced by the process of photosynthesis  and stored in form of starch with protein. Through the process of translocation the food moves downwards and form terminal segments of aerial shoot branches.  The branche  bend downwards as they become heavier due to the weight of stored food.Eventually the plant grows as it touches the ground and produces underground shoots, rhizomes. From rhizomes new tuber is produced.  The new stem tuber detaches from the parent cell and becomes independent when grown completely. Root tubers are produced from roots that store nutrients. The roots enlarge and may produce a new plant.

Corm is swollen ,thick and fleshy underground stem that has food reserves and dried scale leaves. Adventitious roots are a source of water and nutrients to the plant.While the energy needed for cell division is produced by process of respiration.  The aerial shoots of the plant are formed by the process of mitosis, through the food stored in the nodal region of the parent corm,as the apical bud grows. Foliage leaves then grow from the  aerial shoots and produce food by photosynthesis. By the process of translocation food is moved down to the stem and lateral bud, where it is stored.The lateral bud grows bigger and contractile roots are grown from the base. As the parent corm withers and dries the new corm detaches and becomes independent.

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Q1)Natural vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, which is responsible for the development of plants through fragmentation and regeneration of vegetative plant parts specifically  root, stem and leaves. It is a done naturally without human intervention. It occurs when an axillary bud grows into a lateral shoot which is in or under the soil and allows the whole bud to produce not only a branch but a plant with root, stem and leaves. A remarkable ability of this process is to develop adventitious roots through which new and identical daughter plant is formed from parent plant. Some examples of natural vegetative propagation are rhizomes,corms,bulbs,stolon and etc.
Q2) Budding of a tuber is an example of natural vegetative propagation . stem tuber is a swollen, underground stem bearing a number of dry scaly leaves and a bud. the food stored is mainly in form of starch  with proteins. the growth of an adventitious root provide the plant with water and nutrients. each bud bears a node and from node lateral bud grow forming aerial shoots due to mitotic cell division, above the ground. The shoot further produces foliage leaves which help in the process of photosynthesis to make food. The food is then moved downwards by the process of translocation  and forms terminal segments of branches of aerial shoot which becomes heavier due to food storage and  a new plant grows from where the branch touches the ground. This produces underground shoot known as rhizomes which give rise to new tubers. When its matured and is able to survive alone than it detaches from the parent plant as the old parent plant also gets exhausted.
Corm is also an example of natural vegetative propagation. it is a thick, short underground stem with swollen food reserves.Its stem is protected by dry scaly leaves. under favorable conditions water enters the plant through  adventitious roots and help the plant to carry out the process of respiration. this helps the cell to become active thus  allowing the mitotic cell division to take place which forms the aerial shoots above the ground with leaves. this help it to carry out the process of photosynthesis. the food made is transported downwards through translocation and is stored at the base of the stem from where new daughter corm is grown on parent plant. the food helps the new corm to give rise to its contractile roots to absorb water and resulting the parent corm to wither and die. The new corm detaches from the parental corm.

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.ANS 1)Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of plants, in which plants develop through fragmentation and regeneration of vegetative plant parts without any human intervention.As this involves mitosis, the daughter plant is identical to its parent plant. Initially depending on parent plant for nutrients, once it matures it survives independently. The new plants forms through the stems, roots or leaves through the formation of adventitious roots.
ANS 2)Budding is a type of asexual reproduce where a new organism develpos from the outgrowth/bud as a result of mitotic cell division at a site.An example of such is stem tubers, which has a underground stem with nutrients used to supply for the formation of adventitious roots.
Corm is a thick and short underground stem, which stores its nutrients(mainly starch) in fleshy stem. Adventitious roots grow at the bottom of the corm which absorbs water and nutrients for respiration. Soon the aerial shoot and foliage leaf are formed and the plant starts to perform its photosynthesis. The food is trans-located  downwards.The new plant becomes independent as it detaches from its parental body. 5/10

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Answer 1:
Natural vegetative propagation or reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction which is carried out without human intervention, in plants through mitotic cell division through fragmentation and regeneration of the parent plant. Since this method of reproduction is done through mitosis, the offspring/ daughter plant is completely identical to the parent plant. Once the daughter plant matures and can exist independently, it gradually separates from the parental plant.
Answer 2:
Budding (of a stem tuber) is an example of natural vegetative propagation.  A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem which bears multiple scaly leaves. An example of a stem tuber is a potato, on which the remains of the scaly leaves and lateral buds can be seen in the form of multiple eyebrows and eyes on the surface. The stem tuber grows adventitious roots from the lateral buds on the structure, which provide water and nutrients to the bud. Then the lateral bud grows upwards, eventually forming an aerial shoot. Once the aerial shoot has grown enough to produce it's first leaf (Foliage leaf), it will then be able to produce its own food (in the form of starch) through the process of photosynthesis. This food then moves downwards via translocation, and thus an extension of the aerial shoot begins to form in order to store the excess food produced by photosynthesis. The extension grows heavier until it is submerged into the ground. This is the offspring plant/ new tuber, and once it is formed, the entire process described above repeats.

Corm formation is another example of asexual reproduction. A corm is a thick, short stem with scaly leaves which is underground. Turnips, beetroots and water chestnuts are some common examples of plants which are formed through corm formation. The adventitious roots absorb water and mineral salts for the plant to carry out basic functions and support growth. Soon, the apical bud in the center of the structure begins to enlarge and moves upwards, out of the ground and forms an aerial shoot. This shoot eventually grows its first leaf (foliage leaf) and is able to produce its own food through photosynthesis. The food formed through photosynthesis will travel downwards via translocation, and the excess food will begin to store in the lateral buds. These lateral buds begin to enlarge as well and begin to form their own roots (contractile roots). These buds continue to grow until they are able to separate from the parent plant, and thus a new corm is formed.

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Natural vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants,whereby plants develop through fragmentation and regeneration of its vegetative parts without any human intervention. This is possible as the offspring has the ability to develop their own adventitious roots due to mitotic cell division and then forms aerial shoots and leaves from the buds. Modified stems such as rhizomes.runners.corms,bulbs are most often the sourceof vegetation of plant propagation.

Ans 2.Budding is a type of asexual  in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the body of parent organism. This occurs due to mitotic cell division at one particular site on the parent body resulting in an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent. Yeast reproduces asexually by budding.
Natural vegetative propagation may occur through the formation of corms. A corm is a thick,short,vertical,fleshy,underground stem,protected by dry scale leaves,that is swolloen as it stores food in its fleshy,solid stem tissue. There are a number of buds in the axils of the dry scale leaves present at the base of the corm as well as an apical bud,which grows upward to form an aerial shoot on which leaves develop and photosynthesis occurs where carbondioxide and water are used to synthesize sugar and oxygen in presence of light and chlorophyll.The food produced is translocated and stored in the corm and the excess food allows the axillary bud to grow and develop adventitious roots as well.these roots absorb water and provide anchorage to the soil. Aerial shoot grows from axillary bud as well. This growth is supported by nutrients from the parent corm. Folliage leaves grow from nodes on the new shoot and process of hotosynthesis occurs. The new corm is able to fill its own nutitional needs and becomes independent after which it detaches from the parent corm

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Ans.1) Natural vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction found in plants without human intervention which involves the growth of a new, daughter plant from any part of an old, parental plant, other than the seeds. The daughter plant eventually becomes separated from the parent plant to form a new plant. These new plants are formed by the formation of adventitious roots. Rhizomes, bulbs, corms and runners are examples of reproduction through  this method.

Ans.2) In budding, a healthy plant with prominent, established roots is selected which is known as stock. A portion of the plant is cut, usually in a T-shape which is a scion. The scion is carefully inserted and the bud is exposed under the bark of the stock such that the cambium of the scion and the stock join resulting in the growth of the bud in a shoot. This process is usually common in lemons.

A corm is a thick, swollen underground stem which contains excess deposited food. Adventitious roots grow on the parental plant to provide water and mineral salts to the plant for the vital processes such as respiration, providing energy for cell division. The excess food in the parental plant is translocated downwards where the swollen mass forms a new corm. The new corms forms its own roots known as the contractile roots. An axillary bud is formed which grows into an aerial shoot. A leaf grows on the shoot known as the foliage leaf. It undergoes the process of photosynthesis to manufacture food which is called the fresh mass. The food from the parental corm is completely utilised by the new corm. Lateral buds are formed from the new corm which produce adventitious roots and the daughter corm separates from the parent corm. In this way new corms are produced. An example of this is the water chestnut.

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ZAINAB KHAN XI F
070067
Natural vegetative propagation refers to the growth and development of a plant by asexual means without human intervention. This occurs by process of mitotic cell division through fragmentation and regeneration of vegetative plant parts. It initiates when the lateral buds on stem get either close to the ground or underground and form adventitious roots to anchor. Then it grows another plant consisting its own stem and foliage leaves. After some time, the bud detaches from the parent plant and becomes an independent daughter plant. Plant parts that undergo vegetative propagation includes rhizomes, corms, stolon, runners, tubers etc.

Answer 2
Budding is the asexual reproduction of plant to develop a new offspring from bud through mitotic cell division. Stem present is usually thick and swollen due to food deposition. A lateral bud then grows from the stem out of the ground and forms an aerial shoot. The shoot then haves its first leaf, foliage leaf which carries photosynthesis. The food produced by photosynthesis moves downwards and forms segments of aerial shoots. These become heavy and bend down entering inside the ground and it grows its adventitious roots. This underground shoot is called rhizome. Once food is provided, the new shoot becomes stable and detaches itself from parent plant becoming a new independent plant. Example: Ginger

Corms are thick, swollen storage stems with scaly leaves present underground as food reserves. Its adventitious roots absorbs water and mineral salts for the plant to carry out respiration and produce energy. The cells then become active and carry mitosis, enlarging buds in parent plant. The buds transforms into aerial shoots and sprang out of the ground. It grows its foliage leaf to carry out photosynthesis and produce food. Food produced moves downwards and gets stored in other buds. The buds swell and new corms form. The parent plant exhausts and dies while the new corm grows contractile roots and becomes an independent plant. Example: Garlic

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FARIHA ALTAF XI B
A1) Natural vegetative propagation  is the growth and development of plant naturally without human intervention.
Through the formation of adventitious roots, new plants may sprout from stems, roots, or leaves of a parent plant. Modified stems are most often the source of vegetative plant propagation. Vegetative plant structures that arise from plant stems include rhizomes, runners, bulbs,tubers and corms. Tubers can also stretch from roots. Plantlet  emerge from plant leaves.

A2) Budding of a tuber is an example of natural vegetative propagation in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. Corms have a fibrous covering known as a tunic, and the roots emerge from a smooth area at the base known as the basal plate. Corms store starches to fuel growth and to help plants survive unfavourable conditions, and many produce offshoots known as daughter corms or cormels that are used for vegetative reproduction. Corms develop new plants, and often small, subsidiary corms known as cormels. Gladiolus, Freesia, Tritonia and Caladium all grow from corms.

Corms are frequently used to propagate a plant by digging them out of the ground, then cutting the corms into individual sections and replanting. Each section of the corm that has at least a single bud can usually generate a new corm.

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1)Vegetative propogation is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure. Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially.
2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to mitotic cell division at one particular site.
An example of budding is stem tubers. They have swallowen underground stems with dry scaly leaves. Adventitious roots grow from the lateral buds present in the stem. Aerial shoot grows from that roots above the ground. Foliage leaf grows from nodes of the stem and the plant starts to perform photosynthesis. New tuber grows from the stem to store excess food produced by photosynthesis. the tuber becomes heavy and goes underground. It starts its own growth with new adventitious roots and new stem, evantually cutting of from the parent plant.
Corm is a thick, fleshy stem mainly made up of starch reserves. Adventitious roots grow at the bottom of the corm. These roots absorb minerals and water for respiration which provides energy to perform mitotic cell division. Apical shoot grows underground and Ariel shoot grows above the ground. Lateral buds inside the corm enlarges due to excessive storage of food produced by photosynthesis by foliage leaf in Ariel shoot as the food move downwards by the process of translocation. Contractile roots grow to fulfil excess requirements of the plant of water and mineral salts. The swallow lateral buds form daughter corms which form new adventitious roots and eventually disconnecting itself from the parent corm.

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Q1) Natural vegetative propagation is the natural growth and development of a plant without any human intervention. It is a form of asexual reproduction(Single plant producing an offspring by mitosis) in which a new plant grows from the fragments of a parent plant and regeneration of specialized vegetative plant parts. Plants growing by the means of natural vegetative propagation have the ability to develop adventitious roots through which new plant may sprout from stem, root or shoot of parent plant. Modified shoot or stems allowing natural vegetative propagation include rhizomes, stolon, bulb,tubers and corms.

Q2) Budding of a stem tuber is a form asexual reproduction in which a new shoot grows from a bud (present near the nodal area). In this process an underground stem that is swollen and has dry scaly leaves is used. Food (starch and protein) are stored in the tuber. Upon favorable conditions the lateral bud (of the parent plant) forms adventitious roots which absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil. The cells then become active and respire producing energy, which then helps in mitotic cell division. As new cells are produced by mitosis, an aerial shoot grows. The leaves grow at every node which then perform photosynthesis. The food that is produced moves down by process of translocation and is deposited in node. Due to deposition of food a tuber forms at the tip of node which by passing time becomes heavier, hangs and eventually dumps in the soil. Each shoot grows into a new young plant and then detaches from the parent tuber. An example of stem tuber is a potato.

Corms are thick, short underground stem that are swollen with food reserve. They are protected with dry scaly leaves. Buds are present at the base of corms in the axial and nodes are present at the outer covering. Upon favorable conditions, adventitious roots grow which absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. The cells then become active and respire, producing energy. The cells then undergo mitosis, producing new cells. The axillary bud also performs mitosis and grows in an aerial shoot. The leaves also grows on the shoot where nodes are present. The leaves than perform photosynthesis producing food which is then transloctaed

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Ans 1)Vegetative reproduction is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure. Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially.It happens when plants grow and develop naturally without human intervention. ... Vegetative  plant structures that arise from plant stems include rhizomes, runners, bulbs, tubers, and corms. Tubers can also stretch from roots. Plantlets emerge from plant leaves.

Ans2) Propagation by budding is a pretty common method of plant propagation, in which a plant bud is grafted onto the stem of a rootstock plant. Creating bizarre fruit trees that bear many types of fruit is not the only reason for propagation by budding. Budding propagation produces true to type plants, unlike sexual propagation where plants could turn out to be like one or the other parent plant. It can generally be performed on any woody nursery tree, but it does require some skill, patience and sometimes plenty of practice. Propagation by budding is done on most plants in spring through summer, but for some plants it is necessary to do the budding propagation technique in winter when the plant is dormant. If you wish to try this, you should research tree budding info and propagation on the specific plant you are propagating.
There are two main types of bud propagation: T or Shield budding and Chip budding. For both methods, it is necessary to use a clean, sharp knife. There are specially made bud knives for this in which the knives have a blade that curves up at the end, and they may even have a bark peeler at the bottom of the handle.
Corms look a lot like bulbs on the outside but they are quite different. They have the same type of protective covering and a basal plate like the bulb does, but do not grow in layers.

Instead, the corm is the actual base for the flower stem and has a solid texture. As the flower grows, the corm actually shrivels as the nutrients are used up. Essentially the corm dies, but it does produce new corms right next to or above the dead corm. It has contractile roots that bring down the corms as they rise up to the surface of the soil which is why the flowers come back year after year. Depending on the type of flower, it may take a couple years to reach blooming size.The newly dug corms will have cormels that are pea size formed around the top of the old corm. The remains of the old corm will be directly beneath the newly formed corms. When the corm is cleaned up and the old stem removed, the growing point of the corm will be evident. The cormels can be saved and replanted in the back of the garden until they reach flowering size.

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Answer 1) Natural vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants, whereby plants develop through fragmentation and regeneration of its vegetative parts without any human intervention. This is possible as the offspring have the ability of developing their own adventitious roots due to mitotic cell division and then forms aerial shoots and leaves from the buds. Modified stems such as rhizomes, runners, corms, bulbs are most
often the source of vegetative plant propagation.

Answer 2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at that site. An example of budding is stem tubers. These  swollen underground stems have excess food reserves of starch and protein, many nodes and buds. This food is utilised to carry out cell functions including mitosis which helps to form the adventitious roots from the lateral bud. The aerial shoot and the foliage leaves are then formed where photosynthesis is carried out. The food formed is transported downwards to the buds by the process of translocation. This food is then stored in the buds causing them to grow heavier. These buds then fall to the ground as new tubers and take part in further vegetative propagation.

Corm is a short , thick and fleshy underground stem which stores excess food in the form of starch. It is protected by the dry scaly leaves and has nodes and buds on its surface. The axillary bud forms adventitious roots due to mitotic cell division. The roots absorb the nutrients and water. The metabolic processes of the cell takes place and soon the aerial shoots and leaves are also formed from the nodes. The leaves use up the water and carbon dioxide to make its own food by the process of photosynthesis. The food formed is transported to the lower buds by translocation. The buds enlarge and then form their own contractile roots and then using the nutrition from the parent corm form aerial shoots. New corms are formed at the top of the parent corm. Examples of corm include chestnut.

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A1 = Natural vegetative propagation is the growth and development of the plant without any human intervention. It is the kind of asexual reproduction when the offspring (new plant) grows from the fragments of the parent plant (stem, shoot root). The offspring have a ability to grow the adventitious roots (false roots) from the mitotic cell division. The offspring is genetically identical to parent cell. They include corms, rhizomes, runners, bulb, stolon.

A2 = The budding of a tuber is a type of natural vegetative propagation that performs asexual reproduction were only one plant is involved in the reproduction. The stem tuber is the swollen underground stem bearing number of leave scares (also known as eyebrow to the tuber) and numerous buds on the nodes ( also termed as eyes of tuber). The new organism is formed by the swollen outgrowth (bud) the lateral bud starts to expand due to mitotic cell division. The adventitious roots are also formed. Later the aerial shoot is also formed. The new plant is completely dependent on the parent plant until  the foliage leaves develops in the shoot. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent plant.In tubers it is very rare that offspring gets datach from parent, The plants that reproduce by this type are potatoes , dahlias etc.

The another type of natural vegetative propagation is Corms. Corms are the thick short underground stem having a dry scaly covering to protect it. They are swollen because of food storage. They  have the apical buds usually one or two  on their basal plate. These buds are responsible for formation of aerial shoot. The Apical bud grows and move to the ground   (surface) forming an aerial shoot . On the aerial bud foliage leaves are formed responsible for photosynthesis. The food formed by the leaves  is then transported to different parts of the plant by the process of translocation. Because of the excess deposition of food at nodes other buds starts to enlarge its size. Later because of the exhaustion because of less water uptake than the demand  the contractile roots are formed (secondary roots) to fulfill the water needs of the daughter plant. Then the new foliage leaves are formed on the aerial shoot of the daughter plant. Now they can fulfill their necessities by there own hence get detach from parent plant. Plants that reproduce this way are crocus, taro, gladiolus.

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Ayesha Kamal Xl-F (Gr#060003)

A1)Natural vegetative propagation is the growth and development of plant naturally without human intervention that occurs in plant's leaves, roots and stem.This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants.It usually results from the growth of the lateral bud in the stem,which is either close to or under the ground.This bud not only forms branches, but produces a complete plant with stems,adventitious roots and leaves.The new plant becomes independent from it's parent plant,after the old stem dies.Plant structures allowing natural vegetative propagation are:Rhizomes,stolon,corms,bulbs and tubers.

A2)Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem that bears a number of fine,thin,skaly leaves and buds.It stores starch and proteins as a food reserve.The adventitious roots function is to provide water and mineral salts to the bud on the base of the tuber.The node produces a lateral bud that grows and forms an aerial shoot above the ground. The shoot produces foliage leave,the food is then being made in the form of starch through photosynthesis. The food made moves downwards through food translocation, and forms segments of aerial shoots which bend down towards the ground due to weight of food storage, thus new plant grows from the branch incontact with the ground.New underground shoots called Rhizomes give rise to new tubers,when the tuber is fully grown and is able to provide itself with sufficient food and nutrients,it detaches itself from the parent plant to become an individual independent plant e.g:potato.

Corms are thick,short and enlarged underground stems having dry scaly leaves and food reserves.The corm goes through reproduction by asexual means,the adventitious roots grow into the ground to absorb water and mineral salts.There is food stored in the nodal area of the parent corm which results in the formation of aerial shoot by mitosis as apical bud grows,foliage leaves grow out of the aerial shoot and produce food through photosynthesis,the food formed moves down towards the stem through food translocation  where it is stored in lateral bud.It causes the nodes and the internodes to swell and grow,a new corm emerges on top of the parent corm,the parent corm dies after which the new corm forms the contractile root for the uptake of water.As a result the new corm seperates from the parent plant making itself independent.

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Syeda Jazilah Faisal XI-D (070077) Cont..

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Syeda Jazilah Faisal XI-D (070077) Cont..

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...producing food which is then translocated to the axillary bud. The leaves surrounding the axillary bud grow and produce new roots called the contractile roots. The excess food is stored in the new leaves formed and new corms are formed over the old corm. The old corm gets exhausted when its completely used up and new shoot then arises from the new corm and the process continues. Examples of corm include gloriosa and crocus.

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Answer 1)
Natural vegetative propagation  is known as the natural growth and development of a plant with no human intervention .On a stem when a lateral bud originates, (natural vegetative propagation is resulted)as when it is near/under the soil and apart from producing the branch, the bud produces the whole plant with roots,stems and leaves. The plants growing from natural vegetative propagation have the capability to grow adventitious roots. From this process, a parent plant helps to grow a new plant.Some of the examples of natural vegetative propagation include rhizomes, stolons,corms,bulbs and tubers.
Answer 2)An example of natural vegetative propagation is Budding of a Tuber. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where organisms can reproduce without the involvement of another organism, where in the process a new plant is developed from the swollen outgrowth or bud on the parent plant. A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem bearing a number of reduced scale leaves and buds. The water is provided by the adventitious roots along with the nutrients on the tuber base to the bud. From the node, the lateral bud grow further forming aerial shoot above the ground. A foliage leave is produced by the shoot and through the help of photosynthesis, food is in a form of starch. Terminal segments Of branches are formed when the food is translocated downwards which is heavier due to the weight of food that is stored and the new plant is developed at the place where the ground is in contact with the branch. Rhizomes that are also underground shoots are produces. Moreover, new tubers are developed from these rhizomes. When the new plant gets fully developed it detached from the parent tuber and becomes an independent organism. Potatoes are common examples of stem tubers. Anyhow, on the roots, root tubers are present that have been modified to help nutrient storage. A new plant is developed Nehemiah the roots are enlarged and they play a significant role in a growth of a new plant. Jicama and Yams are examples of root tubers.

Corm is a thick short underground swollen stem having food reserves and is an example of natural vegetative propagation. If favourable conditions are provided, waters moves through the false roots/adventitious root, and the plant is going through the process of respiration. In the nodes of a parent plant, the quantity of food stored, helps to develop the aerial shoot by the process of mitosis as the apical bud grows. Above the soil, from the shoots, the leaves are grew out. Leaves also make food through the process of photosynthesis. When the food is translocated downwards, to be stored in the lateral bud results in a formation of a corm which develops on the top of a parent plant. The parent corm withers and dries, when the amount of food stored in the new corm hence it forms a contractile root, which helps in process of water absorption for a time period. As a result the new corm separates from the parent plant that causes itself to become independent.

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A1= Natural Vegetative Propagation is an asexual method of reproduction in plants. The word natural with it indicates no human intervention. It results from the growth of a lateral bud on a stem, close to or under the ground. Adventitious roots' formation is an important part of the process that aids the formation of daughter plant. The bud produces a complete daughter plant from the parent plant with roots, stems and leaves. Vegetative plant structures that arise from plant stems include rhizomes, runners, bulbs, tubers and corms.
A2= Budding that is natural, occurs in plants and is an asexual method of reproduction as buds on the stem of the parent plant develop structures to facilitate the growth of the daughter plant. One example of budding is in the stem tuber. It is a swollen underground stem bearing a number of reduced scale leaves and buds. The food reserve is mainly starch but proteins form the first layer of potato beneath it's scaly skin. The lateral bud on the tuber has stored food and adventitious roots for maximum absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. as a result of mitosis in the region of the plant, an aerial shoot is sent up from the lateral bud. The foliage develops, photosynthesizes, and the produced glucose is translocated to the axillary buds of this shoot whereit gets stored and results in an extension that forms a new tuber when the tip of it gets heavy and gets dumped into the ground. Root tubers originate from roots that have been modified to store nutruents.these roots get enlarged and give rise to new plants.
A corm is a thick, short, underground stem, swollen with food reserves mainly starch. It is protected by dry scaly leaves. Adventitious roots develop at the base of the corm and maximize water and mineral salt absorption. Respiration happens in the cell, energy is released, metabolism occurs and the terminal region of the corm outgrows into an aerial shoot. The foliage forms, photosynthesizes, glucose is translocated to the lateral or axillary buds of the corm. The swollen lateral buds with food reserves now develop into daughter corms forming contractile roots to pull them down to the correct level along with their primary purpose of water and mineral salt absorption. Daughter corms utilize nutrition from parent corm and whenit gets exhausted, the daughter corms get separated to form individual corms that will now send their own aerial shoots up and the process will repeat. The separation of the daughter corms happens after a year has passed to then utilizing nutrition from the  parent corm.

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A1) Natural Vegetative Propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in plants in which a new plant grows from the fragment of the parent plant (fragmentation) or regenerates from a specialized vegetative part of plant (root, stem, leaves), but without any human intervention. Ability to develop adventitious roots allows for vegetative propagation as well as presence of meristem tissues in the vegetative parts that allow a new plant to grow. Modified stems are often used as vegetative propagules such as rhizomes, stolons, bulbs, tubers,  corms etc.

A2) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction (organisms reproduce without involvement of another organism) in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the body of the parent organism. This occurs due to mitotic cell division at one particular site on the parent body resulting in an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent. Yeast reproduces asexually by budding.

Natural Vegetative Propagation may occur through the formation of Corms. A corm is a thick, short,  vertical, fleshy, underground stem, protected by dry scale leaves, that is swolen as it is stores food (mainly starch) in it's fleshy, solid stem tissue. There are a number of buds in the axils of the dry scale leaves present at the base of the corm (basal plate) as well as an apical bud, which grows upward to form an aerial shoot, on which leaves develop and photosynthesis occurs where carbon dioxide and water are used to synthesize sugars and oxygen in presence of light and chlorophyll. The food produced is translocated and stored in the corm and the excess food allows the axillary buds to grow and develop adventitious roots as well. These roots absorb water and provide anchorage to the soil. Aerial shoot grows from the axillary bud as well. This growth is supported by nurtients from the parent corm. Folliage leaves grow from nodes on the new shoot and process of photosynthesis occurs. The new corm (daughter corm) is able to fulfill it's own nutritional needs and becomes independent after which it detaches from the parent corm (which is exhausted of it's nutrients and dies). Examples of corms include gladiolus and crocus.

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Q1. Natural vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction found in plants, which doesn't involve any sort of human intervention and requires only one parent, and produces genetically identical offspring or daughter plants. It usually occurs when an axillary bud grows into a lateral shoot and develops its own roots (adventitious roots). Plant structure allowing natural vegetation includes Rhizomes, Stolons, Corms, Bulbs and Tubers.

Q2. Budding involves joining a single bud onto the stem of a plant that has roots and is fully developed. We select a plant with an established root system and it is called "Stock", and the portion to be propogated or the bud peice is called"Scion", is carefully cutoff and attached to the stock, so that both can grow together. The Scion and Stock are tied up together and junction is protected and allows the tissues of 2 plants to unite and bud grows into a shoot.

A Corm, is a swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat. In Corms, the stem get swollen due to excessive stored food. The propagation takes place when a lateral bud on the short, fat stem grows into an independent plant. Water chestnuts and crocus are plants with Corms. The adventitious root facilitates with water and mineral salts, and the plant does the respiration which provides energy for the cell division. Due to excess storage of food in the nodal area of parent corn, so that results in formation of aerial shoot by mitosis as apical bud grows. The very first leaf that grows is called Foliage and they grow out of aerial shoot and performs photosynthesis. The food prepared is called Fresh Mass and is translocated to the stem and lateral bud, where it is stored. This results in the growth of lateral bud, which grows bigger and contractile roots arise from its base and the parent corn dies or sheds and gets separated. This produces new corm, that is independent!

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Q1.  Natural Vegetative Propagation is the growth and development of plant  through asexual means without human intervention. It is the result of the growth of a lateral bud in the stem, which is either close to or under the ground(soil). The bud, grows into a lateral shoot, later on developing it's own roots (also known as adventitious roots) and leaves.  The new plant formed becomes independent from the parent plant, after the old stem dies.
Q2. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in  which a new organism is formed from an outgrowth or bud on the parent plant due to cell division.  The bud is formed by mitosis, having genetically identical cells to the parent organism. The bud, receives it's nourishment from the parent plant.  The adventitious roots provide the bud with water and nutrients from the soil. The lateral bud which is mainly in the node, grows further forming an aerial shoot . The shoots produce foliage leaves, and through photosynthesis the food is made in the form of starch . Food is transported through translocation and forms segments of aerial shoots. When the bud is fully grown and is able to independently provide itself with sufficient food and nutrients, it detaches itself from the parent plant.  Budding of a tuber is an example of Vegetative Propagation and includes examples like ginko and potatoes.

Corms are thick, short, underground stem swollen with food reserves and dry scaly leaves. Under certain favorable conditions water moves through adventitious roots, after which respiration takes place. The nodal region of the parent corm, contains large reserves of food, this helps the apical bud, grow and form an aerial shoot by mitosis. Leaves grow from the shoot, allowing the process of photosynthesis to occur. Food moves down through translocation and is stored in the lateral bud as a result a new corm is grown on top of the parent corm. When the parent corm withers and dies, each new corm forms a contractile roots, resulting in separation from the parent plant and becoming independent.

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Ans1)  Many plants are able to produce new individuals asexually that us without any sex cell (gamete), pollination or fertilization. the natural vegetative propagation is the growth and development of plants naturally without any human interventions. this kind of reproduction mostly results in the growth of a lateral bud on a stem which is under the soil. An unique ability    of plant performing natural vegetative propagation is that they develop adventitious roots. These adventitious roots forms a new identical of a parent plant. Structures allowing natural vegetative propagation are: rhizomes, stolons, corm and buds.

Ans2)  Budding is one of the type of asexual reproduction, natural vegetative propagation. In this a swollen underground stem containing number of scaly leaves and buds undergoes to a series of processes to form an uprising "bud". The adventitious roots provide the tuber with water and nutrients. The food provided helps the tuber to form an aerial shoot from the node. The shoot produces a foliage leave (ready to perform photosynthesis) the prepared food is trans-located downwards by the process of translocation, and forms segments of aerial shoots. When the tubers are fully grown it detaches from the parental plant to become an individual independent plant. e.g. potato

Corm is thick, short, underground stem swollen with food reserves. The plant goes through the process of respiration which gives energy to perform the process of cell divisions. The excess amount of food stored in the nodal region of parental plant corm is functioned to form an aerial shoot by mitosis. When the auxiliary buds grows longer they lengthens above the ground to form leaves. these leaves makes food of its own through photosynthesis. the food made is pushed downward to be stored in the lateral bud, as a result a new corm grows on the top of the parental plant. When the all food reserves in parental corm is used up it shrinks and dries up resultant each auxiliary bud grow itself and gets detached from the parental body to be independent.

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.A1)Natural vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plant,without human intervention.It results from the growth of a lateral bud on a stem which is either close to the soil or under it.This bud not only forms branches ,but produces a complete plant with stems, adventitious roots and leaves.The new plant becomes independent from parent plant,which produced it,after the old stem dies.Plant structures allowing natural vegetative propagation include bulbs,rhizomes,stolon,corms and tubers.
A2)Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth is formed on the body of parent organism.The outgrowth seen is known as bud which is formed by mitotic division of cells.It is attached to the parent body till it gets required nourishment and later detaches from parent plant and lives a separate life.Tubers is an example.A stem tuber is a swollen underground stem bearing a number of reduced scale leaves and buds.The food reserve is mainly starch with protein.Adventitious roots provide water and mineral salts and the food stored is used in the growth of aerial shoot from apical bud.Soon foliage leaves grow out of these shoots,which make food by photosynthesis.The food made is translocated and forms terminal segments of branches of aerial shoots,which become heavier by weight of stored food.The plant now grows where branch touches ground.The food compounds are sent along underground shoots(rhizomes),the tips of which swell .When it is fully grown it detaches from parent tuber and becomes independent. Example is potato.In root tubers,roots are modified for food storage.The roots become enlarge and give rise to a plant.Sweet potato is an example.
Corm is a short,thick underground swollen stem with dry scale leaves and  food reserves,mainly starch.Water chestnut and Crocus are plants with corms.The plant gets water and minerals through the adventitious roots.The plant goes through process of respiration,which provides energy for cell division.There is food stored in the nodal area of parent corm,which results in the formation of aerial shoot by mitosis as apical bud grows.foliage leaves grow out of the aerial shoot and make food by process of photosynthesis.The food is sent to the stem and lateral bud by translocation,here it is stored.It causes the growth of lateral bud,which grows bigger and contractile roots arise from its base as the parent corm withers.The result is  the new corm which separates from parent plant making itself independent.

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Q1-  Natural vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants. It occurs when plants grow and develop naturally without any human interference. Natural vegetative propagation can be enabled by the development of adventitious roots.                   Q2- Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth  or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
The small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and excepting mutations is genetically identical to the parent organism.
Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.

In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.                                                      Corm , vertical, fleshy, underground stem that acts as a food-storage structure in certain seed plants. It bears membranous or scaly leaves and buds, and, unlike in bulbs, these do not appear as visible rings when the corm is cut in half. Corms have a fibrous covering known as a tunic, and the roots emerge from a smooth area at the base known as the basal plate. Corms store starches to fuel growth and to help plants survive unfavourable conditions, and many produce offshoots known as daughter corms or cormels that are used for vegetative reproduction.

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Q1) Define Natural Vegetative Propogation? (2 Marks)
Q2) Describe the process of budding  and corm formation by natural vegetative propogation . (8 Marks)

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1. Vegetative propagation is form/type of asexual reproduction which occurs without gamete formation for the fusion of haploid nuclei of male and female gametes into diploid zycote for genetically similar offsprings. It occurs in plants in which a new plant grows from vegetative parts of a parent plant such as specialized stems, leaves and roots and allow them to take root and grow.Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially. In vascular plants,it occurs through processes of fragmentation and regeneration from vegetative reproductive structures like roots, leaves and stems while in non-vascular plants, it occurs through the process of spore formation involving the reproductive structure i.e spores.

2. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new plants develops from a bud which is the swollen outgrowth arriving from node due to access food. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent plant and become new independent individuals.
Corms are enlarged bulb-like underground stems. These Vegetative structures store nutrients in fleshy, solid stem tissue. Corms are commonly infused with bulbs. Corms produce adventitious roots that posses buds which further grow into new shoots.

COMMENTS
Q1- Definition is not properly written.
Q2- Did not fully describe the processes